《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||莴苣属 Lactuca L. ||莴苣 Lactuca sativa L.

1.莴苣
Lactuca sativa L., Sp. Pl. 785. 1753; DC., Prodr. 7: 138. 1838; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chin. 3: 656. 1924; 裴鉴等, 江苏南部种子植物手册808.图1305, 1959; Kirp. in Fl. URSS 29: 299. 1964; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus 20(1-2): 27. 1967;中国高等植物图鉴4: 689-图6791. 1975; Kitam. et Gould in H. Hara et al., Enum. Flowering Pl. Nepal 3: 32. 1982; Shih in Act. Phytotax. Sin. 26: 383. 1988.——L. scariola L. β. sativa Moris, Fl. Sard. 2: 531. 1840-1843; C. B. Clarke, Comp. Ind. 263. 1876.
一年生或二年草本，高25-100厘米。根垂直直伸。茎直立，单生，上部圆锥状花序分枝，全部茎枝白色。基生叶及下部茎叶大，不分裂，倒披针形、椭圆形或椭圆状倒披针形，长6-15厘米，宽1.5-6.5厘米，顶端急尖、短渐尖或圆形，无柄，基部心形或箭头状半抱茎，边缘波状或有细锯齿，向上的渐小，与基生叶及下部茎叶同形或披针形，圆锥花序分枝下部的叶及圆锥花序分枝上的叶极小，卵状心形，无柄，基部心形或箭头状抱茎，边缘全缘，全部叶两面无毛。头状花序多数或极多数，在茎枝顶端排成圆锥花序。总苞果期卵球形，长1.1厘米，宽6毫米；总苞片5层，最外层宽三角形，长约1毫米，宽约2毫米，外层三角形或披针形，长5-7毫米，宽约2毫米，中层披针形至卵状披针形，长约9毫米，宽2-3毫米，内层线状长椭圆形，长1厘米，宽约2毫米，全部总苞片顶端急尖，外面无毛。舌状小花约15枚。瘦果倒披针形，长4毫米，宽1.3毫米，压扁，浅褐色，每面有6-7条细脉纹，顶端急尖成细喙，喙细丝状，长约4毫米，与瘦果几等长。冠毛2层，纤细，微糙毛状。花果期2-9月。
全国各地栽培，亦有野生。原产地不详。莴苣的叶富含维生素A, B1,、B2, C 和 P，含有相当丰富的铁盐、钙盐和磷盐，作生菜用，有较高的营养价值。莴苣有许多栽培品种，但在分类学上都是作为栽培变种来处理的。如莴苣 (var. angustata Irish ex Bremer），茎粗或极粗，供食用与制备酱菜，叶作蔬菜用；卷心莴苣(var. capitata DC.) , 叶圆形，彼此抱卷成甘蓝式叶球；生菜(var. ramosa Hort.) 叶长倒卵形，密集成甘蓝状叶球，作生菜用。
在北京，早年栽培有1种原产自欧洲的植物，但现已不多见之，这就是: Lactuca virosa L., Sp. Pl. 795. 1753 et ed. 2. 1119. 1762; Kia, Pl. Sin. Ill. 61, fig. 108. 1937.叶倒卵状长椭圆形，侧裂片宽大，下面沿脉有刺毛。头状花序多数，排成圆锥花序。头状花序小，舌状小花黄色，15枚。瘦果，包括果喙长6-10毫米，每面有5条细肋，喙细，与果体等长，果体椭圆形。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||莴苣属 Lactuca L. ||莴苣 Lactuca sativa L.

2. 莴苣 (通称)
莴笋
Lactuca sativa L. (1753); DC. (1838); Gagnep. in Lecomte (1924); S. Y. Hu (1967); 图鉴 (1975)*; Kitam. et Gould in Hara et al. (1982); 秦岭植物志 (1985); Shih (1988); 贵州植物志 (1989)*; 中国植物志 (1997).
Lactuca scariola L. β. sativa Moris (1840-1843); C. B. Clarke (1876); 云南种子植物名录 (1984).
一年生或二年生草本，高25-120厘米。主根垂直，上部粗达1厘米或更粗，具多数长侧根和纤维状细根。茎单一，直立，上部具花序分枝，茎和枝绿白色，无毛。基生叶多数，叶片倒披针形、椭圆形至椭圆状倒卵形，长6-15 (-30) 厘米，宽1.5-6.5厘米，先端急尖、钝或圆，基部心形或箭头状，半抱茎，边缘浅波状、有细齿或全缘，表面深绿色，背面绿色或淡绿色，两面无毛，无叶柄；茎下部叶同基生叶，上部叶渐小，分枝上的叶极小，苞叶状，卵状心形，长2-12毫米，先端急尖、钝或稀渐尖，基部心形或箭形，抱茎，全缘，无柄。头状花序多数，于茎、枝顶排列成圆锥状花序；总苞圆筒形或狭钟形，径5-6毫米；总苞片5-6层，外层宽三角形或宽卵形，长约1毫米，中层三角形、披针形至卵状披针形，长5-8毫米，内层长披针形，长10-12毫米，边缘狭膜质，全部总苞片绿色，先端急尖，背面无毛。小花15-25朵，舌状，花冠黄色，长10-12毫米，舌片条形，管部长4-5毫米。瘦果倒披针形或长圆状倒卵形，长约4毫米，浅褐色或灰褐色，压扁，每面有6-8条细纵肋，顶端急尖成喙，喙丝状，长4-5毫米；冠毛2层，白色，纤细，微糙毛状，长3.5-4.5毫米。花果期2-9月。
滇中和金沙江流域等地有栽培。我国各地栽培，也有野生。
本种富含维生素和铁盐、钙盐、磷盐，有较高的营养价值。
莴苣有许多栽培品种，如莴荀 (var. angustata Irish ex Bremer)，生菜 (var. ramose Hort.)，卷心莴苣 (var. capitata DC.) 等，均为民间常用蔬菜。
全草药用，治血尿、小便不利、乳少、肿毒。

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Lactuca ||莴苣 Lactuca sativa

11. Lactuca sativa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 795. 1753.

莴苣 wo ju

Lactuca scariola Linnaeus var. sativa (Linnaeus) Moris.

Herbs 25-100 cm tall, annual or biennial. Stem solitary, whitish, yellowish green, or glaucous green, erect, branched apically, glabrous. Leaves green, glabrous, rather soft. Basal and lower stem leaves sessile, oblanceolate to elliptic-oblanceolate, 6-15 × 1.5-6.5 cm, undivided, base cordate to sagittate and semiamplexicaul, margin sinuate-dentate, apex acute, acuminate, or rounded. Upper stem leaves similar to lower stem leaves or lanceolate, smaller; uppermost leaves ovate, very small, base cordate to sagittate and clasping, margin entire. Synflorescence corymbosely paniculiform, with very numerous capitula. Capitula with usually 10-30 florets. Involucre narrowly cylindric and 0.9-1.3 cm at anthesis, ovoid and ca. 6 mm in diam. in fruit. Phyllaries green to pale yellowish green, glabrous, usually erect in fruit, apex obtuse; outer phyllaries broadly triangular to lanceolate, approaching inner phyllaries in length; inner phyllaries ca. 8. Florets yellow. Achene body pale brown, narrowly obovoid, ca. 4 mm, compressed, with 5-7 ribs on either side; beak white, filiform, 2-4 mm. Pappus 3-4 mm. Fl. and fr. Feb-Sep. 2n = 18*.

Cultivated throughout China [probably originating from E Mediterranean to SW Asia].

Lactuca sativa was first known in cultivation in ancient Egypt. It is widely cultivated as a vegetable in China. Leaves of the species contain Vitamins A, B9, C, and K and can be eaten as a salad. Lactuca sativa has many cultivars, which are usually treated as varieties. Lactuca sativa var. angustata Irish ex Bremer is the most commonly cultivated variety in China, where the thick stems are cooked as a vegetable.

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Lactuca || Lactuca sativa

10. Lactuca sativa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 795. 1753.

Annuals or biennials, (15–)30–70(–100+) cm. Leaves on proximal ¹/2–³/4 of each stem; blades of undivided cauline leaves ovate to orbiculate, margins entire or denticulate, seldom prickly, midribs rarely prickly-setose. Heads usually in corymbiform, sometimes in paniculiform, arrays. Involucres 8–13+ mm. Phyllaries usually erect in fruit. Florets 7–15(–30+); corollas yellow (sometimes streaked with violet), usually deliquescent. Cypselae: bodies pale grayish to whitish or tan, ± flattened, obovate, 3–4 mm, beaks ± filiform, 3–5 mm, faces 5–9-nerved; pappi white, 3.5–4+ mm. 2n = 18.

Flowering mostly Jul–Sep. Disturbed sites, abandoned plantings; 10–1000 m; introduced; Ont.; Ala., Calif., Conn., Del., D.C., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Maine, Mass., Mich., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., Vt., Wash., W.Va.; Eurasia; introduced also in Mexico; introduced or ephemeral nearly worldwide.