《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||红花属 Carthamus L. ||红花 Carthamus tinctorius L.

1.红花 (植物名实图考) 红蓝花 刺红花
Carthamus tinctorius L., Sp. Pl. 830, 1753; DC., Prodr. 6: 612, 1837; Ldb. Fl. Ross. 2:715, 1845-1846; Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 709, 1875; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. SOc. Bot. 23: 470, 1888; Ling in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peip. 3 (4): 179, 1935; S. Y. Hu in Journ. West. China Bord. Res. Soc. ser. B. 15: 158, 1945 et in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 19: 20, 1966; 东北植物检索表, 410,1959; 江苏南部种子植物手册, 1801, 1959; Schost. in Fl. URSS 28: 586, 1963; 中国高等植物图鉴, 4:656, 1975; H: Ch. Fu in Fl. Intramong. 6: 265, 1982.
一年生草本。高 (20)50-100(150) 厘米。茎直立，上部分枝，全部茎枝白色或淡白色，光滑，无毛。中下部茎叶披针形、披状披针形或长椭圆形，长7-15厘米，宽2.5-6厘米，边缘大锯齿、重锯齿、小锯齿以至无锯齿而全缘，极少有羽状深裂的，齿顶有针刺，针刺长1-1.5毫米，向上的叶渐小，披针形，边缘有锯齿，齿顶针刺较长，长达3毫米。全部叶质地坚硬，革质，两面无毛无腺点，有光泽，基部无柄，半抱茎。头状花序多数，在茎枝顶端排成伞房花序，为苞叶所围绕，苞片椭圆形或卵状披针形，包括顶端针刺长2.5-3厘米，边缘有针刺，针刺长1-3毫米，或无针刺，顶端渐长，有篦齿状针刺，针刺长2毫米。总苞卵形，直径2.5厘米。总苞片4 层，外层竖琴状，中部或下部有收溢，收缢以上叶质，绿色，边缘无针刺或有篦齿状针刺，针刺长达3毫米，顶端渐尖，有长1-2毫米，收溢以下黄白色；中内层硬膜质，倒披针状椭圆形至长倒披针形，长达2.2厘米，顶端渐尖。全部苞片无毛无腺点。小花红色、桔红色，全部为两性，花冠长2.8厘米，细管部长2厘米，花冠裂片几达檐部基部。瘦果倒卵形，长5.5毫米，宽5毫米，乳白色，有4 棱，棱在果顶伸出，侧生着生面。无冠毛。花果期5-8月。
红花的花入药，通经、活血，主治妇女病。花含红色素，也是我国古代用以提供红色染 织物的色素原料。红花中含有红色素与黄色素两种色素，黄色素溶于水，而红色素溶于碱性水液中，明代宋应星的《天工开物》一书中就已经记载了由花中提纯红色素的全过程，足见我国古代印染业之发达。
红花也是一种多用途的综合资源植物。种子含油率极高，一般在34-55%之间，多属不饱和脂肪酸油类，极适合作食用油，有降低人体胆固醇和血脂的作用。
红花有抗寒、耐旱和耐盐碱能力，适应性较强，生活周期120天。现时黑龙江、辽宁、吉林、河北、山西、内蒙古、陕西、甘肃、青海、山东、浙江、贵州、四川、西藏，特别是新疆都广有栽培。它的油用资源的巨大潜力已引起国内普遍注意并在生产实践中取得一些成效。相信，随着育种事业的发展和栽培技术的完善，红花将成为我国的重要的油源作物之一。
原产中亚地区。苏联有野生也有栽培，日本、朝鲜广有栽培。我国在上述地区有引种栽培外，山西、甘肃、四川亦见有逸生者。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||红花属 Carthamus L. ||红花 Carthamus tinctorius L.

1. 红花 (植物名实图考) 图版130：4-6
红蓝花 (滇南本草) ，藏红花、刺红花、草红花
Carthamus tinctorius L. (1753); Roxb. (1832); DC. (1838); Ledeb. (1845-1846); C. B. Clarke (1876); Hook. f. (1881); Forb. et Hemsl. (1888); Ling (1935); Hand.-Mazz. (1936); Kia (1937)*; S. Y. Hu (1945), (1966); 图鉴 (1975)*; Kitam. et Gould in Hara et al. (1982); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 西藏植物志 (1985); 秦岭植物志 (1985)*; 中国植物志 (1987); 贵州植物志 (1989)*.
一年生草本，高 (30-) 60-150厘米。主根圆柱状，延长，上部粗达1.2厘米，向下渐窄，具多数侧根和纤维状细根。茎单一，直立，基部粗达1.2厘米，上部具分枝，茎和枝白色或淡白色，具多数细纵棱，无毛。基生叶和茎下部叶在花期凋落；茎中部叶披针形、卵状披针形或长椭圆形，长5-15厘米，宽2-6厘米，先端锐尖，基部半抱茎，边缘具锯齿，齿端有长针刺，极稀全缘或羽状分裂，质坚硬，两面深绿色，有光泽，无毛，无腺点，侧脉4-8对，和中脉在背面凸起，网脉明显，无叶柄，上部叶渐小。头状花序多数，单生于茎和枝先端，排成伞房状；苞叶披针形、卵状披针形或狭椭圆形，数枚密聚于头状花序下，其他同上部茎生叶；总苞卵形或半球形，径2.5-3.5厘米；总苞片4-5层，外面2-3层长2.5-3厘米，中部缢缩而成两部分，下部革质，黄白色，近圆形或宽卵形，具数条纵脉，背面密具乳突状微毛，上部叶质，深绿色，披针形，先端渐尖并成针刺，边缘有长达6毫米的篦齿状针刺，背面具凸起的中脉、侧脉和网脉，无毛，里面2-3层披针形或披针状椭圆形，稍短于外层，硬膜质，先端渐尖成针刺，边缘无刺，具数条纵脉，背面密具乳突状微毛。小花全部两性，花冠红或橘红色，管状，长2-2.8厘米，先端5深裂，裂片线形，长5-8毫米，管部细长；花药与花冠裂片近等长；花柱伸出药管外。瘦果倒卵形，长5-7毫米，宽4-5毫米，乳白色，有光泽，具4条纵棱，基部歪斜；冠毛无。花果期4-9月。
我省许多地区庭园和药圃常见栽培，也见套种于包谷地里。本种对气候、土壤等环境条件有较强的适应能力，我国各省区广泛栽培，少数地区已见逸生。原产中亚，日本和朝鲜也有栽培。
花入药，能通经活血、祛瘀消肿，是妇科要药。种子含油率高，是优良的食用油，有降低人体胆固醇和血脂的作用。花可提取红色染料。

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Carthamus ||红花 Carthamus tinctorius

1. Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 830. 1753.

红花 hong hua

Herbs (20-)50-100(-150) cm tall, annual. Stem erect, apically branched; stem and branches white or whitish, smooth, glabrous. Leaves rigid, leathery, glabrous. Lower and middle stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, simple, 7-15 × 2.5-6 cm, base attenuate and semiamplexicaul, margin spinosely toothed or entire, apex acute; teeth very rarely pinnatipartite, apically with 1-1.5 mm spinules. Upper stem leaves lanceolate, decreasing in size upward, margin spinosely toothed; teeth apically with a ca. 3 mm spine. Capitula few to many, in a corymbose synflorescence, rarely 1. Involucre ovoid, ca. 2.5 cm in diam. Phyllaries in ca. 5 rows; outer phyllaries leaflike, ovate-lanceolate, 2-4 × ca. 1 cm, spiny; middle phyllaries 6-20 × 4-7 mm, constricted between pale parallel-veined basal part and leaflike apical part with green reticulate veins; inner phyllaries oblanceolate-elliptic to oblanceolate, ca. 22 × 5 mm, rigidly scarious, apex attenuate. Corolla red to orange, ca. 2.8 cm. Achene ovoid to ellipsoid, ca. 5.5 mm, 4-angled. Pappus absent. Fl. and fr. May-Aug. 2n = 24*.

Widely cultivated in China and occasionally naturalized in saline and alkaline soils in dry and cold conditions in Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Zhejiang [native origin unknown; widely cultivated].

The seeds of Carthamus tinctorius yield edible oil, and the florets are used medicinally or for extracting a red pigment used as dye. Because of its long cultivation, the precise origin is uncertain although it is probably SW Asia.

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Carthamus || Carthamus tinctorius

4. Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 830. 1753.

Safflower

Plants 30–100+ cm, herbage ± glabrous. Stems ± stramineous, glabrous. Leaves usually all cauline, dark green; blades lanceolate to elliptic or broadly ovate, 2–8.5 cm, margins dentate with minutely spine-tipped teeth, veiny, shiny. Involucres ovoid, 20–40 mm diam., ± glabrous. Outer phyllaries spreading to reflexed, 1.5–2 times longer than inner, terminal appendages minutely spiny-toothed, minutely spine-tipped. Corollas yellow to red, 20–30 mm, throats abruptly expanded; anthers yellow to red; pollen yellow to red. Cypselae white, 7–9 mm, slightly roughened; pappus scales absent or if present, 1–4 mm. 2n = 24.

Flowering late spring–summer (May–Aug). Escaped from cultivation in disturbed sites; 0–900 m; introduced; Alta., B.C.; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Idaho, Ill., Iowa, Kans., Mass., Mont., Nebr., N.Mex., N.Dak. Ohio, Oreg., Utah, Wash.; Europe.

Carthamus tinctorius is apparently native originally to the eastern Mediterranean; it is known only in cultivation and as escapes today. Safflower has been reported from Texas; I have not seen the specimen.

Safflower is cultivated as an oil seed, a source of vegetable dye, as birdseed, and as an ornamental. It is one of the earliest known crop plants, with cultivation dating back to prehistoric times. In the United States safflower is grown principally in California and Arizona; it has been a successful crop in every state west of the 100th meridian.

Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieberstein (wild safflower) was collected in 1978 in Monterey County, California. It is considered by the United States Department of Food and Agriculture to be a noxious weed subject to eradication if found. In central and southern Asia it is a pernicious weed of agricultural lands and other disturbed ground. Carthamus oxyacantha most closely resembles cultivated safflower; it has smaller heads and much spinier leaves. Its cypselae are usually darkly pigmented, smaller (4–5 mm versus 5.5–9 mm), and almost always lack pappi.