《中国植物志》|| 十字花科 CRUCIFERAE ||萝卜属 Raphanus L. ||萝卜 Raphanus sativus L.

1. 萝卜（通称） 莱菔（唐本草）
Raphanus sativus L. Sp. Pl. 669. 1753; O. E. Schulz in Engl. Pflanzenr. 70 (4. 105): 205. 1919; T. Y. Cheo in Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 2 (3): 179. 1948; 中国药用植物志5: 图224. 1957; 中药志2: 415. 图249. 1959; 江苏南部种子植物手册319. 图506. 1959; 北京植物志上册: 328. 图274. 1962; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 35. 图1799. 1972; 秦岭植物志1 (2): 402. 1974; 内蒙古植物志2: 322. 图版168. 1978; 湖北植物志 2: 26. 图713. 1979; 东北草本植物志4: 57. 图版32. 1980.
二年或一年生草本，高20-100厘米；直根肉质，长圆形、球形或圆锥形，外皮绿色、白色或红色；茎有分枝，无毛，稍具粉霜。基生叶和下部茎生叶大头羽状半裂，长8-30厘米，宽3-5厘米，顶裂片卵形，侧裂片4-6对，长圆形，有钝齿，疏生粗毛，上部叶长圆形，有锯齿或近全缘。总状花序顶生及腋生；花白色或粉红色，直径1.5-2厘米；花梗长5-15毫米；萼片长圆形，长5-7毫米；花瓣倒卵形，长1-1.5厘米，具紫纹，下部有长5毫米的爪。长角果圆柱形，长3-6厘米，宽10-12毫米，在相当种子间处缢缩，并形成海绵质横隔；顶端喙长1-1.5厘米；果梗长1-1.5厘米。种子1-6个，卵形，微扁，长约3毫米，红棕色，有细网纹。花期4-5月，果期5-6月。
全国各地普遍栽培。模式标本采自中国。
根作蔬菜食用；种子、鲜根、枯根、叶皆入药：种子消食化痰；鲜根止渴、助消化，枯根利二便；叶治初痢，并预防痢疾；种子榨油工业用及食用。

《云南植物志》|| Cruciferae nom. conserv ||萝卜属 Raphanus L. ||萝卜 Raphanus sativus L.

2.萝卜（通称）
地灯笼、寿星头（入药用干品）
Raphanus sativus L. (1753); Hook. f. et Anders. (1872); 海南植物志 (1964); "图鉴" (1972)*; 秦岭植物志 (1974); Hara (1979); C. Y. Wu (1984); Griers (1984); K. C. Kuan (1985); 中国植物志 (1987); X. L. Yang (1988).
Raphanus sativus L. var. hortensis Backer (1907); Kitam. (1955), in Kihara (1956).
二年或一年生草本；直根肉质，增粗，长圆形、球形或圆锥形，绿色、白色或粉红色。基生叶及茎下部叶大头羽状分裂，长8—30厘米，宽3—5厘米，顶裂片卵形，侧裂片4—6对，向基部缩小，长圆形，边缘有钝齿，疏生粗毛；茎上部叶长圆形，有锯齿或全缘。总状花序顶生，果期伸长；花直径1—1.5厘米；萼片长圆形，长5—7毫米，先端钝，有白色膜质边缘；花瓣淡紫色或白色，有紫纹，倒卵形，长1—1.5厘米，先端近圆形，下部有爪；雄蕊长7—8毫米，花药椭圆形，长约2毫米；雌蕊略短于雄蕊，无毛，花柱纤细，柱头头状。长角果圆柱形，长4—6厘米，在种子间缢缩，并形成海绵质横隔，先端渐尖成长喙；种子卵形，微扁，长约3毫米，红褐色。花、果期5—7月。
云南各地有栽培；全国和世界各地亦有栽培。
根为蔬菜，品种甚多；种子、根及叶入药，有祛痰、消积、利尿、止泻的功效；种子含油量达45％，油供制皂及润滑用，也可食用。

《云南植物志》|| Cruciferae nom. conserv ||萝卜属 Raphanus L. ||萝卜 (原变种) Raphanus sativus var. sativus

2a.萝卜（原变种）图版6，3—6
var. sativus
二年或一年生草本；直根肉质，增粗，长圆形、球形或圆锥形，绿色、白色或粉红色。基生叶及茎下部叶大头羽状分裂，长8—30厘米，宽3—5厘米，顶裂片卵形，侧裂片4—6对，向基部缩小，长圆形，边缘有钝齿，疏生粗毛；茎上部叶长圆形，有锯齿或全缘。总状花序顶生，果期伸长；花直径1—1.5厘米；萼片长圆形，长5—7毫米，先端钝，有白色膜质边缘；花瓣淡紫色或白色，有紫纹，倒卵形，长1—1.5厘米，先端近圆形，下部有爪；雄蕊长7—8毫米，花药椭圆形，长约2毫米；雌蕊略短于雄蕊，无毛，花柱纤细，柱头头状。长角果圆柱形，长4—6厘米，在种子间缢缩，并形成海绵质横隔，先端渐尖成长喙；种子卵形，微扁，长约3毫米，红褐色。 花、果期5—7月。
云南各地有栽培；全国和世界各地亦有栽培。
根为蔬菜，品种甚多；种子、根及叶入药，有祛痰、消积、利尿、止泻的功效；种子含油量达45％，油供制皂及润滑用，也可食用。

《Flora of North America》|| Brassicaceae || Raphanus || Raphanus sativus

2. Raphanus sativus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 669. 1753.

Cultivated radish

Annuals or biennials, roots often fleshy in cultivated forms; often sparsely scabrous or hispid, sometimes glabrous. Stems often simple from base, (1-)4-13 dm. Basal leaves: petiole 1-30 cm; blade oblong, obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate in outline, lyrate or pinnatisect, sometimes undivided, 2-60 cm × 10-200 mm, margins dentate, apex obtuse or acute; lobes 1-12 each side, oblong or ovate, to 10 cm × 50 mm. Cauline leaves (distal) subsessile; blade often undivided. Fruiting pedicels spreading to ascending, 5-40 mm. Flowers: sepals 5.5-10 × 1-2 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; petals usually purple or pink, sometimes white (veins often darker), 15-25 × 3-8 mm, claw to 14 mm; filaments 5-12 mm; anthers 1.5-2 mm. Fruits usually fusiform or lanceolate, sometimes ovoid or cylindrical; valvular segment 1-3.5 mm; terminal segment (1-)3-15(-25) cm × (5-)7-13(-15) mm, smooth or, rarely, slightly constricted between seeds, not ribbed, beak narrowly to broadly conical to linear; style 10-40 mm. Seeds globose or ovoid, 2.5-4 mm diam. 2n = 18.

Flowering May-Jul. Roadsides, disturbed areas, waste places, cultivated fields, gardens, orchards; 0-1000 m; introduced; B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; Asia; introduced also in Mexico, Bermuda, South America, Africa, Atlantic Islands, Australia.

Raphanus sativus is an important crop plant that is cultivated and/or weedy in most temperate regions worldwide. It is unknown as a wild plant, but suggested to be derived from R. raphanistrum subsp. landra, which is endemic to the Mediterranean region (L. J. Lewis-Jones et al. 1982).

《Flora of China》|| Brassicaceae || Raphanus ||萝卜 Raphanus sativus

1. Raphanus sativus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 669. 1753.

萝卜 luo bo

Raphanus acanthiformis J. M. Morel; R. chinensis Miller (1768), not (Linnaeus) Crantz (1769); R. macropodus H. Léveillé; R. niger Miller; R. raphanistroides (Makino) Nakai; R. raphanistrum Linnaeus var. sativus (Linnaeus) Domin; R. sativus var. macropodus (H. Léveillé) Makino; R. sativus f. raphanistroides Makino; R. sativus var. raphanistroides (Makino) Makino; R. taquetii H. Léveillé.

Herbs annual or biennial, 10-130 cm tall, glabrous, scabrous, or hispid. Roots fleshy, white, pink, red, or black, linear, fusiform, oblong, or globose, 1-100 × 0.5-45 cm, sometimes slender and not fleshy. Stems simple or branched. Basal leaves with petioles 1-30 cm; leaf blade oblong, obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate in outline, 2-60 × 1-20 cm, lyrate or pinnatisect, sometimes undivided, margin dentate, apex obtuse or acute; lateral lobes 1-12 on each side of midvein, sometimes absent, oblong or ovate, to 10 × 5 cm. Uppermost cauline leaves subsessile, often undivided, dentate. Fruiting pedicels divaricate or ascending, straight, 0.5-4 cm. Sepals narrowly oblong, 5.5-10 × 1-2 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Petals purple, pink, or sometimes white, often with darker veins, broadly obovate, 1.2-2.2 cm × 3-8 mm, apex obtuse or emarginate; claw to 1.4 cm. Filaments slender, 5-12 mm; anthers 1.5-2 mm, sagittate at base. Fruit fusiform or lanceolate, sometimes ovoid or cylindric; seedless valvular segment 1-3.5 mm; seed-bearing distal segment (1-)3-15(-25) × (0.5-)0.7-1.3(-1.5) cm, corky, rounded at base, conical at apex, smooth or rarely slightly constricted between seeds, not ribbed; style 1-4 cm; stigma entire. Seeds globose or ovoid, 2.5-4 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. depending on cultivation time. 2n = 18*.

Fields, roadsides, waste areas. Throughout China [native to the Mediterranean region; cultivated worldwide].

Long cultivated in E Asia primarily as a vegetable and medicinal plant. A very variable species with regard to fleshy root color, shape, and size, plant height, degree of division and size of leaves, flower color, and fruit shape and size. Numerous infraspecific taxa have been recognized, and their taxonomy is controversial and highly confused. The interested reader should consult Pistrick (Kulturpflanze 35: 225-321. 1987). Perhaps the most interesting cultivar, which is grown primarily in China and Japan, is var. longipinnatus L. H. Bailey, with roots to 50 kg in weight and to 1 m in length and enormous rosettes to 2 m in diam.