中文
Ethnobotany of China

KINGDOM:Plantae || PHYLUM:Tracheophyta || CLASS:Liliopsida || ORDER:Asparagales || FAMILY:兰科 Orchidaceae || GENUS: 天麻属 Gastrodia

天麻(原变型) Gastrodia elata Blume

Accepted name Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae) WCVP · exact match
Catalogue of Life China 天麻 (differs from the Chinese name in this database)
Flora treatments

《中国植物志》|| 兰科 ORCHIDACEAE ||天麻属 Gastrodia R. Br. ||天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl.

2. 天麻(开宝本草)赤箭(神农本草经)图版5:7-9
Gastrodia elata Bl., Mus. Bot. Ludg. Bat. 2: 174. 1856; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 122. 1890; Rolfe in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 48. 1903; Schltr. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 4 : 156. 1919;中国高等植物图鉴5: 657.图8143. 1976;秦岭植物志1: 418.图407. 1976; 台湾植物志5: 1003. 1978; S. Chow et S. C. Chen in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5 (4): 364. 1983; 西藏植物志5: 660.图341. 1987; 安徽植物志5: 530.图3065. 1992;横断山区维管植物2: 2558. 1994;东北植物检索表 (第二版) 897.图453 (5). 1995.——Gastrodia mairei Schltr. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 105, 1913. ——Gastrodia elata Bl. var. gracilis Pamp. in Nuov. Bot. Ital. n. ser., 22: 271. 1915. ——Gastrodia elata Bl. f. pilifera Tuyama in J. Jap. Bot. 17: 582. 1941.
植株高30-100厘米,有时可达2米;根状茎肥厚,块茎状,椭圆形至近哑铃形,肉质,长8-12厘米,直径3-5 (-7)厘米,有时更大,具较密的节,节上被许多三角状宽卵形的鞘。茎直立,橙黄色、黄色、灰棕色或蓝绿色,无绿叶,下部被数枚膜质鞘。总状花序长5-30(-50)厘米,通常具30-50朵花;花苞片长圆状披针形,长1-1. 5厘米,膜质;花梗和子房长7-12毫米,略短于花苞片;花扭转,橙黄、淡黄、蓝绿或黄白色,近直立;萼片和花瓣合生成的花被筒长约1厘米,直径5-7毫米,近斜卵状圆筒形,顶端具5枚裂片,但前方亦即两枚侧萼片合生处的裂口深达5毫米,筒的基部向前方凸出;外轮裂片(萼片离生部分)卵状三角形,先端钝;内轮裂片(花瓣离生部分)近长圆形,较小;唇瓣长圆状卵圆形,长6-7毫米,宽3-4毫米,3裂,基部贴生于蕊柱足末端与花被筒内壁上并有一对肉质胼胝体,上部离生,上面具乳突,边缘有不规则短流苏;蕊柱长5-7毫米,有短的蕊柱足。蒴果倒卵状椭圆形,长1. 4-1. 8厘米,宽8-9毫米。花果期5-7月。
产吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、台湾、河南、湖北、湖南、四川、贵州、云南和西藏。生于疏林下,林中空地、林缘,灌丛边缘,海拔400-3200米。尼泊尔、不丹、印度、日本、朝鲜半岛至西伯利亚也有分布。模式标本采自东亚,具体地点不详。
天麻是名贵中药,用以治疗头晕目眩、肢体麻木、小儿惊风等症。人工有性繁殖在我国已经成功。对其生活史也有较深入的了解(参阅周铉:《天麻生活史》,载云南植物研究3(2):197-202. 1981)。在广泛野外调查观察的基础上,结合人工栽培经验,周铉先生将我国天麻分为如下5个变型:


Source 中国植物物种信息数据库

Economic plants
Medicinal plants
块茎为强壮药。用于眩晕、头疼及神经衰弱等症。能缓解由于冒寒或潮湿所引起的四肢筋骨疼痛。并治因中风所引起的上下肢知觉麻痹、言语障碍。
[中国经济植物志463. 天麻 ( tianma )]


Plant use records
Chinese name Vernacular name Plant Ethnic group Use Source
天麻 uwunchi 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Jingpo medicine Ethnomedicinal 《德宏药录》
天麻 毛泽儿 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Achang medicine Ethnomedicinal 《德宏药录》
天麻 天麻 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. De'ang medicine Ethnomedicinal 《德宏药录》
天麻 挂补门 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Lisu medicine Ethnomedicinal 《怒江药》
天麻 天麻,赤箭,明天麻 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Bai medicine Ethnomedicinal 《大理资志》
天麻 天麻 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Hani medicine Ethnomedicinal 《哈尼药》
天麻 乌兰-索莫,东布额,索斯勒-嘎尔 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Mongolian medicine Ethnomedicinal 《蒙药》
天麻 闹海音-好日嘎 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Mongolian medicine Ethnomedicinal 《蒙植药志》
天麻 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Miao medicine Ethnomedicinal 《湘蓝考》
天麻 Yangwit vied洋芋有,Ghok wouf hind高立日 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. Miao medicine Ethnomedicinal 《苗医药》


Historical formulas containing this species
Use in historical formulas by period (2656 formulas in total)
Use in historical formulas by periodPre-Qin: 0Pre-QinHan: 11HanWei–Jin & N–S: 0Wei–Jin& N–SSui–Tang & Five Dynasties: 77Sui–Tang& Five DynastiesSong: 13771377SongJin–Yuan: 158158Jin–YuanMing: 735735MingQing: 378378Qing




Wild economic plants of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (field survey)
Plant name Local name Family Life form Part used Folk use Voucher Locality Ethnic group Region
Gastrodia elata Blume deh-ma Orchidaceae Herb Tuber 1.食物(根茎):用来做汤(2)2.经济(根茎)(16) QTP-JPG-3292 Yadong Tibetan Core Himalaya
Gastrodia elata Blume tian3-ma3 Orchidaceae Herb Root 经济用途(4),出售;药物:补品(22),煎服 QTP-JPG-3292 Gyirong Dhaman Core Himalaya
Gastrodia elata Blume tian3-ma3 Orchidaceae Herb Root 经济用途(29),在商店出售;药用:头痛(6),心脏病(40),切片泡水或炖;食物:蔬菜(2),用于炖鸡汤 QTP-JPG-3292 Gyirong Tibetan Core Himalaya

Research papers
Title Authors Journal Date
[Effect of fresh Gastrodia elata on gut microbiota in mice]. Hua, Zhong-Yi; Li, Hong-Mei; Sun, Jian-Hui; Huo, Hai-Ru; Li, Xiao-Qin; Huang, Lu-Qi; Yuan, Yuan Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica 2019-Mar
[Determination of primary metabolic products of fungi promoting seed germination of Gastrodia elata Bl. and other Orchidaceae medicinal plants]. Guo, S; Xu, J Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica 1990-Jun
Allozymic Variation and Genetic Relationship among Gastrodia elata Forms,a Medicinal Plant in China Li Zuozhou; Bao Zaoxia; Huang Hongwen Plant Science Journal
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Gastrodia elata Xu, Yanqin; Wang, Ying; Li, Zuozhou; Bao, Zhaoxia; Zhou, Jianfeng; Huang, Hongwen MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES JUN 2006
Resource Investigation and Evaluation System Establishment of Endangered Medicinal Plants in Jinfo Mountain Yi Sirong; Huang Ya; Quan Jian; Pei Lirong; Lei Meiyan; Cao Houqiang Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 2016
Olfactory responses of Stegobium paniceum to different Chinese medicinal plant materials and component analysis of volatiles Cao, Yu; Li, Shuai; Benelli, Giovanni; Germinara, Giacinto Salvatore; Yang, Jie; Yang, Wenjia; Li, Can JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH MAR 2018
Determination of gastrodin and vanillyl alcohol in Gastrodia elata Blume by pressurized liquid extraction at room temperature Ong, Eng Shi; Heng, Ming Yuan; Tan, Swee Ngin; Yong, Jean Wan Hong; Koh, Huijing; Teo, Chin Chye; Hew, Choy Sin JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE AUG 2007
Medicinal Plants Harvesting in Wolong National Nature Reserve 谭宏; 程跃红; 乔麦菊; 杨攀艳; 何明武 Journal of Resources and Ecology 2017
The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume - An ethnopharmacological review Zhan, Hong-Dan; Zhou, Hai-Yu; Sui, Yun-Peng; Du, Xin-Liang; Wang, Wei-hao; Dai, Li; Sui, Feng; Huo, Hai-Ru; Jiang, Ting-Liang JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY AUG 2 2016
Modulation of the transport of valproic acid through the blood-brain barrier in rats by the Gastrodia elata extracts. Yang, Ling; Lin, I-Hsin; Ting, Chin-Tsung; Tsai, Tung-Hu Journal of ethnopharmacology 2021-Oct-05
Antidepressant-like effects of water extract of Gastrodia elata Blume on neurotrophic regulation in a chronic social defeat stress model Lin, Yu-En; Chou, Shao-Ting; Lin, Shih-Hang; Lu, Kuan-Hung; Panyod, Suraphan; Lai, Yi-Syuan; Ho, Chi-Tang; Sheen, Lee-Yan JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY AUG 10 2020
Essential oils from Inula japonica and Angelicae dahuricae enhance sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR breast cancer cells to doxorubicin via multiple mechanisms Wu, Min; Li, Tingting; Chen, Lilan; Peng, Sugang; Liao, Wei; Bai, Ruolan; Zhao, Xue; Yang, Hong; Wu, Chunhui; Zeng, Hongjuan; Liu, Yiyao JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY MAY 2009
The aqueous extract of rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume attenuates locomotor defect and inflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats Ng, Chun-Fai; Ko, Chun-Hay; Koon, Chi-Man; Chin, Wai-Ching; Kwong, Hiu Ching Sonya Themis; Lo, Anthony Wing-Ip; Wong, Hing-Lok; Fung, Kwok-Pui; Lau, Clara Bik-San; Lam, Ping-Kuen; Poon, Wai Sang; Leung, Ping-Chung JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY SEP 17 2017
Anti-depressant effects of Gastrodia elata Blume and its compounds gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, via the monoaminergic system and neuronal cytoskeletal remodeling Chen, Wei-Cheng; Lai, Yi-Syuan; Lin, Shih-Hang; Lu, Kuan-Hung; Lin, Yu-En; Panyod, Suraphan; Ho, Chi-Tang; Sheen, Lee-Yan JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
Comparative pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in rats after intragastric administration of free gastrodin, parishin and Gastrodia elata extract Tang, Chunlan; Wang, Li; Liu, Xinxin; Cheng, Mengchun; Qu, Yang; Xiao, Hongbin JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
Gastrodin alleviates seizure severity and neuronal excitotoxicities in the rat lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy via enhancing GABAergic transmission Yang, Chih-Sheng; Chiu, Sheng-Chun; Liu, Ping-Yen; Wu, Sheng-Nan; Lai, Ming-Chi; Huang, Chin-Wei JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY APR 6 2021
Pharmacokinetic comparative study of gastrodin after oral administration of Gastrodia elata Bl. extract and its compatibility with the different indigents of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. to rats Hu, Peng-yi; Yue, Peng-fei; Zheng, Qin; Yang, Ming; Zhang, Guo-song; Wu, Bin; Liu, Dan JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY SEP 15 2016
Gastrodia elata prevents huntingtin aggregations through activation of the adenosine A(2A) receptor and ubiquitin proteasome system Huang, Chuen-Lin; Yang, Jung-Mou; Wang, Kaw-Chen; Lee, Yi-Chao; Lin, Yun-Lian; Yang, Ying-Chen; Huang, Nai-Kuei JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY OCT 31 2011
The neuroprotective effects of an extract of Gastrodia elata Tsai, Chung-Fen; Huang, Chuen-Lin; Lin, Yun-Lian; Lee, Yi-Chao; Yang, Ying-Chen; Huang, Nai-Kuei JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY OCT 31 2011
A traditional Chinese formula composed of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Gastrodiae Rhizoma (Da Chuanxiong Formula) suppresses inflammatory response in LPS -induced RAW 264.7 cells through inhibition of NF-kappa B pathway Liu, Zhi-Ke; Ng, Chun-Fai; Shiu, Hoi-Ting; Wong, Hing-Lok; Wong, Chun-Wai; Li, Kai-Kai; Zhang, Jin-Fang; Lam, Ping-Kuen; Poon, Wai-Sang; Lau, Clara Bik-San; Leung, Ping-Chung; Ko, Chun-Hay JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY JAN 20 2017
Pharmacokinetics comparative study of a novel Chinese traditional herbal formula and its compatibility Zheng, Qin; Yue, Peng-Fei; Wu, Bin; Hu, Peng-Yi; Wu, Zhen-Feng; Yang, Ming JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY SEP 1 2011
Utilization of Chinese herbal medicine and its association with the risk of fracture in patients with Parkinson''s disease in Taiwan Chen, Kuan-Yu; Wu, Mei-Yao; Yang, Pei-Shan; Chiang, Jen-Huai; Hsu, Chung-Y.; Chen, Chiu-Ying; Yen, Hung-Rong JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY NOV 15 2018
Genetic variation in cultivated populations of Gastrodia elata, a medicinal plant from central China analyzed by microsatellites Chen, Yuan-Yuan; Bao, Zhao-Xia; Qu, Ying; Li, Zuo-Zhou GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION DEC 2014
High allozymic diversity in natural populations of Mycoheterotrophic Orchid Gastrodia elata, an endangered medicinal plant in China Chen, Yuan-Yuan; Bao, Zhao-Xia; Li, Zuo-Zhou BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY AUG-DEC 2011
De Novo Assembly and Annotation of the Juvenile Tuber Transcriptome of aGastrodia elataHybrid by RNA Sequencing: Detection of SSR Markers Wang, Yunsheng; Shahid, Muhammad Qasim; Ghouri, Fozia; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS DEC 2020
Naturally occurring bisphenol F in plants used in traditional medicine Huang, Taya; Danaher, Lesley-Ann; Bruschweiler, Beat J.; Kass, George E. N.; Merten, Caroline ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY JUN 2019
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