KINGDOM:Plantae || PHYLUM:Tracheophyta || CLASS:Liliopsida || ORDER:Asparagales || FAMILY:兰科 Orchidaceae || GENUS: 天麻属 Gastrodia
《中国植物志》|| 兰科 ORCHIDACEAE ||天麻属 Gastrodia R. Br. ||天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl.
2. 天麻(开宝本草)赤箭(神农本草经)图版5:7-9
Gastrodia elata Bl., Mus. Bot. Ludg. Bat. 2: 174. 1856; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5: 122. 1890; Rolfe in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 48. 1903; Schltr. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. 4 : 156. 1919;中国高等植物图鉴5: 657.图8143. 1976;秦岭植物志1: 418.图407. 1976; 台湾植物志5: 1003. 1978; S. Chow et S. C. Chen in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 5 (4): 364. 1983; 西藏植物志5: 660.图341. 1987; 安徽植物志5: 530.图3065. 1992;横断山区维管植物2: 2558. 1994;东北植物检索表 (第二版) 897.图453 (5). 1995.——Gastrodia mairei Schltr. in Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 105, 1913. ——Gastrodia elata Bl. var. gracilis Pamp. in Nuov. Bot. Ital. n. ser., 22: 271. 1915. ——Gastrodia elata Bl. f. pilifera Tuyama in J. Jap. Bot. 17: 582. 1941.
植株高30-100厘米,有时可达2米;根状茎肥厚,块茎状,椭圆形至近哑铃形,肉质,长8-12厘米,直径3-5 (-7)厘米,有时更大,具较密的节,节上被许多三角状宽卵形的鞘。茎直立,橙黄色、黄色、灰棕色或蓝绿色,无绿叶,下部被数枚膜质鞘。总状花序长5-30(-50)厘米,通常具30-50朵花;花苞片长圆状披针形,长1-1. 5厘米,膜质;花梗和子房长7-12毫米,略短于花苞片;花扭转,橙黄、淡黄、蓝绿或黄白色,近直立;萼片和花瓣合生成的花被筒长约1厘米,直径5-7毫米,近斜卵状圆筒形,顶端具5枚裂片,但前方亦即两枚侧萼片合生处的裂口深达5毫米,筒的基部向前方凸出;外轮裂片(萼片离生部分)卵状三角形,先端钝;内轮裂片(花瓣离生部分)近长圆形,较小;唇瓣长圆状卵圆形,长6-7毫米,宽3-4毫米,3裂,基部贴生于蕊柱足末端与花被筒内壁上并有一对肉质胼胝体,上部离生,上面具乳突,边缘有不规则短流苏;蕊柱长5-7毫米,有短的蕊柱足。蒴果倒卵状椭圆形,长1. 4-1. 8厘米,宽8-9毫米。花果期5-7月。
产吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山西、陕西、甘肃、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、台湾、河南、湖北、湖南、四川、贵州、云南和西藏。生于疏林下,林中空地、林缘,灌丛边缘,海拔400-3200米。尼泊尔、不丹、印度、日本、朝鲜半岛至西伯利亚也有分布。模式标本采自东亚,具体地点不详。
天麻是名贵中药,用以治疗头晕目眩、肢体麻木、小儿惊风等症。人工有性繁殖在我国已经成功。对其生活史也有较深入的了解(参阅周铉:《天麻生活史》,载云南植物研究3(2):197-202. 1981)。在广泛野外调查观察的基础上,结合人工栽培经验,周铉先生将我国天麻分为如下5个变型:
| Chinese name | Vernacular name | Plant | Ethnic group | Use | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 天麻 | uwunchi | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Jingpo medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《德宏药录》 |
| 天麻 | 毛泽儿 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Achang medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《德宏药录》 |
| 天麻 | 天麻 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | De'ang medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《德宏药录》 |
| 天麻 | 挂补门 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Lisu medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《怒江药》 |
| 天麻 | 天麻,赤箭,明天麻 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Bai medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《大理资志》 |
| 天麻 | 天麻 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Hani medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《哈尼药》 |
| 天麻 | 乌兰-索莫,东布额,索斯勒-嘎尔 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Mongolian medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《蒙药》 |
| 天麻 | 闹海音-好日嘎 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Mongolian medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《蒙植药志》 |
| 天麻 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Miao medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《湘蓝考》 | |
| 天麻 | Yangwit vied洋芋有,Ghok wouf hind高立日 | 天麻 Gastrodia elata Bl. | Miao medicine | Ethnomedicinal | 《苗医药》 |
| 赤箭汤 | 补肝活血散 | 小承气汤 | 吉祥丸 | 羌活散 | 羌活散 |
| 皂荚煎丸 | 抵圣大道丸 | 酸枣仁浸酒 | 酸枣仁煎 | 藁本散 | 防风散 |
| 硇砂丸 | 摩风膏 | 侧子散 | 石斛浸酒 | 晚蚕沙浸酒 | 蔓荆子散 |
| 天南星丸 | 天雄散 | 麻黄散 | 虎骨散 | 虎骨散 | 虎骨浸酒 |
| 天南星丸 | 雄黄丸 | 雄黄丸 | 羚羊角散 | 天麻膏 | 天麻煎 |
| Plant name | Local name | Family | Life form | Part used | Folk use | Voucher | Locality | Ethnic group | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastrodia elata Blume | deh-ma | Orchidaceae | Herb | Tuber | 1.食物(根茎):用来做汤(2)2.经济(根茎)(16) | QTP-JPG-3292 | Yadong | Tibetan | Core Himalaya |
| Gastrodia elata Blume | tian3-ma3 | Orchidaceae | Herb | Root | 经济用途(4),出售;药物:补品(22),煎服 | QTP-JPG-3292 | Gyirong | Dhaman | Core Himalaya |
| Gastrodia elata Blume | tian3-ma3 | Orchidaceae | Herb | Root | 经济用途(29),在商店出售;药用:头痛(6),心脏病(40),切片泡水或炖;食物:蔬菜(2),用于炖鸡汤 | QTP-JPG-3292 | Gyirong | Tibetan | Core Himalaya |
| Title | Authors | Journal | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Effect of fresh Gastrodia elata on gut microbiota in mice]. | Hua, Zhong-Yi; Li, Hong-Mei; Sun, Jian-Hui; Huo, Hai-Ru; Li, Xiao-Qin; Huang, Lu-Qi; Yuan, Yuan | Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica | 2019-Mar |
| [Determination of primary metabolic products of fungi promoting seed germination of Gastrodia elata Bl. and other Orchidaceae medicinal plants]. | Guo, S; Xu, J | Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica | 1990-Jun |
| Allozymic Variation and Genetic Relationship among Gastrodia elata Forms,a Medicinal Plant in China | Li Zuozhou; Bao Zaoxia; Huang Hongwen | Plant Science Journal | |
| Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Gastrodia elata | Xu, Yanqin; Wang, Ying; Li, Zuozhou; Bao, Zhaoxia; Zhou, Jianfeng; Huang, Hongwen | MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES | JUN 2006 |
| Resource Investigation and Evaluation System Establishment of Endangered Medicinal Plants in Jinfo Mountain | Yi Sirong; Huang Ya; Quan Jian; Pei Lirong; Lei Meiyan; Cao Houqiang | Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany | 2016 |
| Olfactory responses of Stegobium paniceum to different Chinese medicinal plant materials and component analysis of volatiles | Cao, Yu; Li, Shuai; Benelli, Giovanni; Germinara, Giacinto Salvatore; Yang, Jie; Yang, Wenjia; Li, Can | JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH | MAR 2018 |
| Determination of gastrodin and vanillyl alcohol in Gastrodia elata Blume by pressurized liquid extraction at room temperature | Ong, Eng Shi; Heng, Ming Yuan; Tan, Swee Ngin; Yong, Jean Wan Hong; Koh, Huijing; Teo, Chin Chye; Hew, Choy Sin | JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE | AUG 2007 |
| Medicinal Plants Harvesting in Wolong National Nature Reserve | 谭宏; 程跃红; 乔麦菊; 杨攀艳; 何明武 | Journal of Resources and Ecology | 2017 |
| The rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume - An ethnopharmacological review | Zhan, Hong-Dan; Zhou, Hai-Yu; Sui, Yun-Peng; Du, Xin-Liang; Wang, Wei-hao; Dai, Li; Sui, Feng; Huo, Hai-Ru; Jiang, Ting-Liang | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | AUG 2 2016 |
| Modulation of the transport of valproic acid through the blood-brain barrier in rats by the Gastrodia elata extracts. | Yang, Ling; Lin, I-Hsin; Ting, Chin-Tsung; Tsai, Tung-Hu | Journal of ethnopharmacology | 2021-Oct-05 |
| Antidepressant-like effects of water extract of Gastrodia elata Blume on neurotrophic regulation in a chronic social defeat stress model | Lin, Yu-En; Chou, Shao-Ting; Lin, Shih-Hang; Lu, Kuan-Hung; Panyod, Suraphan; Lai, Yi-Syuan; Ho, Chi-Tang; Sheen, Lee-Yan | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | AUG 10 2020 |
| Essential oils from Inula japonica and Angelicae dahuricae enhance sensitivity of MCF-7/ADR breast cancer cells to doxorubicin via multiple mechanisms | Wu, Min; Li, Tingting; Chen, Lilan; Peng, Sugang; Liao, Wei; Bai, Ruolan; Zhao, Xue; Yang, Hong; Wu, Chunhui; Zeng, Hongjuan; Liu, Yiyao | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | MAY 2009 |
| The aqueous extract of rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume attenuates locomotor defect and inflammation after traumatic brain injury in rats | Ng, Chun-Fai; Ko, Chun-Hay; Koon, Chi-Man; Chin, Wai-Ching; Kwong, Hiu Ching Sonya Themis; Lo, Anthony Wing-Ip; Wong, Hing-Lok; Fung, Kwok-Pui; Lau, Clara Bik-San; Lam, Ping-Kuen; Poon, Wai Sang; Leung, Ping-Chung | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | SEP 17 2017 |
| Anti-depressant effects of Gastrodia elata Blume and its compounds gastrodin and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, via the monoaminergic system and neuronal cytoskeletal remodeling | Chen, Wei-Cheng; Lai, Yi-Syuan; Lin, Shih-Hang; Lu, Kuan-Hung; Lin, Yu-En; Panyod, Suraphan; Ho, Chi-Tang; Sheen, Lee-Yan | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | |
| Comparative pharmacokinetics of gastrodin in rats after intragastric administration of free gastrodin, parishin and Gastrodia elata extract | Tang, Chunlan; Wang, Li; Liu, Xinxin; Cheng, Mengchun; Qu, Yang; Xiao, Hongbin | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | |
| Gastrodin alleviates seizure severity and neuronal excitotoxicities in the rat lithium-pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy via enhancing GABAergic transmission | Yang, Chih-Sheng; Chiu, Sheng-Chun; Liu, Ping-Yen; Wu, Sheng-Nan; Lai, Ming-Chi; Huang, Chin-Wei | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | APR 6 2021 |
| Pharmacokinetic comparative study of gastrodin after oral administration of Gastrodia elata Bl. extract and its compatibility with the different indigents of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. to rats | Hu, Peng-yi; Yue, Peng-fei; Zheng, Qin; Yang, Ming; Zhang, Guo-song; Wu, Bin; Liu, Dan | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | SEP 15 2016 |
| Gastrodia elata prevents huntingtin aggregations through activation of the adenosine A(2A) receptor and ubiquitin proteasome system | Huang, Chuen-Lin; Yang, Jung-Mou; Wang, Kaw-Chen; Lee, Yi-Chao; Lin, Yun-Lian; Yang, Ying-Chen; Huang, Nai-Kuei | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | OCT 31 2011 |
| The neuroprotective effects of an extract of Gastrodia elata | Tsai, Chung-Fen; Huang, Chuen-Lin; Lin, Yun-Lian; Lee, Yi-Chao; Yang, Ying-Chen; Huang, Nai-Kuei | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | OCT 31 2011 |
| A traditional Chinese formula composed of Chuanxiong Rhizoma and Gastrodiae Rhizoma (Da Chuanxiong Formula) suppresses inflammatory response in LPS -induced RAW 264.7 cells through inhibition of NF-kappa B pathway | Liu, Zhi-Ke; Ng, Chun-Fai; Shiu, Hoi-Ting; Wong, Hing-Lok; Wong, Chun-Wai; Li, Kai-Kai; Zhang, Jin-Fang; Lam, Ping-Kuen; Poon, Wai-Sang; Lau, Clara Bik-San; Leung, Ping-Chung; Ko, Chun-Hay | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | JAN 20 2017 |
| Pharmacokinetics comparative study of a novel Chinese traditional herbal formula and its compatibility | Zheng, Qin; Yue, Peng-Fei; Wu, Bin; Hu, Peng-Yi; Wu, Zhen-Feng; Yang, Ming | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | SEP 1 2011 |
| Utilization of Chinese herbal medicine and its association with the risk of fracture in patients with Parkinson''s disease in Taiwan | Chen, Kuan-Yu; Wu, Mei-Yao; Yang, Pei-Shan; Chiang, Jen-Huai; Hsu, Chung-Y.; Chen, Chiu-Ying; Yen, Hung-Rong | JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY | NOV 15 2018 |
| Genetic variation in cultivated populations of Gastrodia elata, a medicinal plant from central China analyzed by microsatellites | Chen, Yuan-Yuan; Bao, Zhao-Xia; Qu, Ying; Li, Zuo-Zhou | GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION | DEC 2014 |
| High allozymic diversity in natural populations of Mycoheterotrophic Orchid Gastrodia elata, an endangered medicinal plant in China | Chen, Yuan-Yuan; Bao, Zhao-Xia; Li, Zuo-Zhou | BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY | AUG-DEC 2011 |
| De Novo Assembly and Annotation of the Juvenile Tuber Transcriptome of aGastrodia elataHybrid by RNA Sequencing: Detection of SSR Markers | Wang, Yunsheng; Shahid, Muhammad Qasim; Ghouri, Fozia; Baloch, Faheem Shehzad | BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS | DEC 2020 |
| Naturally occurring bisphenol F in plants used in traditional medicine | Huang, Taya; Danaher, Lesley-Ann; Bruschweiler, Beat J.; Kass, George E. N.; Merten, Caroline | ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY | JUN 2019 |
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