《中国植物志》|| ||银杏属 Ginkgo Linn ||银杏 Ginkgo biloba L.

银杏（本草纲目）白果（植物名实图考），公孙树（汝南圃史），鸭脚子（本草纲目），鸭掌树（北京）图版5
Ginkgo biloba Linn. Mant. Pl. 2: 313. 1771; Thunb. Fl. Jap. 358. 1784; Morren in Belg. Hort. 3: 293. t. 44. 1853, ibidem 6: 148. t. 27. 1856; Parl. in DC. Prodr. 16 (2): 507. 1868; Miq. in Sieb. et Zucc. Fl. Jap. 2: 73. t. 136. 1870; Seward in Ann. Bot. 14: 109. t. 8-10. 1900; Kent, Veitch's Man. Conif. ed. 2. 109. f. 49. 1900; Kom. in Acta Hort. Petrop. 22: 213. 1901; Sprecher, Ginkgo l. t. 1-2. f. 1-225. 1907; Beissn. Handb. Nadelh. ed. 2. 35. 1909, Beissn. u. Fitsch. ibidem ed. 3. 31. 1930; Rehd. et Wils. in Sarg. Pl. Wilson. 2: l. 1914; Chun, Chinese Econ. Trees 1. t. 2. 1921; Dallimore and Jackson, Handb. Conif. 543. f. 120. 1923, ed. 3. 31. f. 2. 1948, rev. Harrison, Handb. Conif. and Ginkgo. ed. 4. 229. t. 14. f. 47; 1966; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 4: 117. 1923, Man. Cult. Trees and Shrubs l. 1927, ed. 2. l. 1940, et Bibliogr. l. 1949; Pilger in Engler u. Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 13: 99. f:. 96-101. 1926; 钱崇澎, 中国科学社生物所论文集3: 27. 1927,中国森林植物志1: 图版1. 1937; Wils. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 8: 87. 1927,ibidem 9: 5. 1928; Groff in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 9: 273. 1930; 郑万钧, 中研丛刊2: 103. 1931, 中国科学社生物所论文集8: 82. 1932,陈嵘, 中国树木分类学3.图2. 1937; Hao in Bot. Jahrb. 68; 577. 1938,中国裸子植物志11. 图2. 1945,再版10.图2. 1951; Metcalf, Fl. Fukien l: 19. 1942; S. Y. Hu in Journ. West China Bord. Res. Soc. 15 (B): 107. 1945, et in Taiwania 10: 17. 1964; 方文培, 峨眉植物图志2: 图版149. 1945; 刘玉壶, 中研汇报1 (2): 141. 1947; 刘慎谔等, 东北木本植物图志73. 1955; 裴鉴、单人骅等, 江苏南部种子植物手册2. 图2. 1959; 郑万钧等, 中国树木学1: 95.图44. 1961; 中国科学院植物研究所, 中国高等植物图鉴1: 286.图571. 1972.——Salisburia adiantifolia Smith in Trans Linn. soc. London 3: 330. 1797. ——Salisburya biloba Hoffmagg. Verz. Pflanzenkult. 109. 1824.
乔木，高达40米，胸径可达4米；幼树树皮浅纵裂，大树之皮呈灰褐色，深纵裂，粗糙；幼年及壮年树冠圆锥形，老则广卵形；枝近轮生，斜上伸展（雌株的大枝常较雄株开展）;一年生的长枝淡褐黄色，二年生以上变为灰色，并有细纵裂纹；短枝密被叶痕，黑灰色，短枝上亦可长出长枝；冬芽黄褐色，常为卵圆形，先端钝尖。叶扇形，有长柄，淡绿色，无毛，有多数叉状并列细脉，顶端宽5-8厘米，在短枝上常具波状缺刻，在长枝上常2裂,基部宽楔形,柄 长3-10(多为5-8)厘米,幼树及萌生枝上的叶常 较而深裂 (叶片长达13厘米,宽15厘米),有时裂片再分裂(这与较原始的化石种类之叶相似),叶在一年生长枝上螺旋状散生,在短枝上3-8叶呈簇生状,秋季落叶前变为黄色.球花雌雄异株,单性,生于短枝顶端的鳞片状叶的腋内,呈簇生状；雄球花葇荑花序状，下垂,雄蕊排列疏松，具短梗，花药常2个，长椭圆形，药室纵裂，药隔不发；雌球花具长梗,梗　端常分两叉,稀3-5叉或不分叉,每叉顶生一盘状珠座,胚珠着生其上,通常仅一个叉端的胚珠发育成种子,内媒传粉。种子具长梗，下垂，常为椭圆形、长倒卵形、卵圆形或近圆球形，长2.5-3.5厘米，径为2厘米，外种皮肉质，熟时黄色或橙黄色,外被 白粉,有臭叶；中处皮白色,骨质,具2-3条纵脊；内种皮膜质,淡红褐色；胚乳肉质,味甘略苦；子叶2枚,稀3枚,发芽时不出土,初生叶2-5片,宽条形,长约5毫米,宽约2毫米,先端微凹,第4或第5片起之后生叶扇形,先端具一深裂及不规则的波状缺刻,叶柄长0.9-2.5厘米；有主根。花期3-4月，种子9-10月成熟。
银杏为中生代孑遗的稀有树种，系我国特产，仅浙江天目山有野生状态的树木，生于海拔500-1000米、酸性（pH值5-5.5）黄壤、排水良好地带的天然林中，常与柳杉、榧树、蓝果树等针阔叶树种混生，生长旺盛。银杏的栽培区甚广：北自东北沈阳，南达广州，东起华东海拔40-1000米地带，西南至贵州、云南西部（腾冲）海拔2000米以下地带均有栽培，以生产种子为目的，或作园林树种。栽培区常用实生苗、移杆苗或根蘖苗进行嫁接，可提前在8-10年生时开花结实（实生苗一般在20年后才开始结种子）。各地栽培的银杏有数百年或千年以上的老树。朝鲜、日本及欧洲、美各国庭园均有栽培。
银杏为喜光树种，深根性，对气候、土壤的适应性较宽，能在高温多雨及雨量稀少、冬季寒冷的地区生长，但生长缓慢或不良；能生于酸性土壤（pH值4.5）、石灰性土壤（pH值8）及中性土壤上，但不耐盐碱土及过湿的土壤。以生于海拔1000(云南1500-2000)米以下，气候温暖湿润，年降水量700-1500毫米，土层深厚、肥沃湿润、排水良好的地区生长最好的地区和平共处在土壤瘠薄干燥、多石山坡过度潮湿的地方均不晚成活或生长不良。
银杏为速生珍贵的用材树种，边材淡黄色，心材淡黄褐色，结构细，质轻软，富弹性，易加工，有光泽，比重0.45-0.48，不易开裂，不反挠，为优良木材，供建筑、家具、室内装饰、雕刻、绘图版等用。种子供食用（多食易中毒）及药用。叶可作药用和制杀虫剂,亦可作肥料。种子的肉质外种皮含白果酸、白果醇及白果酚，有毒。树皮含单宁。银杏树形优美，春夏季叶色嫩绿，秋季变成黄色，颇为美观，可作庭园树及行道树。
我国劳动人民在长期栽培银杏的过程中选育出许多种子大、种仁品质好的优良品种，生产干果。主要的栽培品种有下列几种：

《云南植物志》|| 银杏科 Ginkgoaceae nom. conserv. ||银杏属 Ginkgo Linn. ||银杏 Ginkgo biloba Linn.

银杏(本草纲目)图版3
白果(植物名实图考)，公孙树(汝南圃史)，鸭脚子(本草纲目)，鸭掌树(北京)
Ginkgo biloba Linn. (1771); Thunb. (1784); Parl. in DC. (1868); Sprecher (1907)*; Rehd. et Wils. in Sarg. (1914); Chun(1921)*; Dallimore et Jackson (1923)*, (1948)*, rev. Harrison (1966)*; Rehd. (1923), (1927), (1940), (1949); Pilger in Engler u. Prantl (1926)*; Wils. (1927), (1928); Groff(1930); 郑万钧(1931), (1932); 陈嵘(1937)*; 郝景盛(1945)*, (1951)*; Metcalf (1942); S. Y. Hu (1945), (1964); 方文培(1945); 刘玉壺 (1947); 中国树木学 (1961)*; “图鉴”(1972)*; 中国植物志 (1978).
Salisburia adiantifolia Smith (1797); Salisburia biloba Hoffmagg. (1824).
大乔木，高可达40米，胸径4米；树皮灰褐色，深纵裂；幼年及壮年树冠圆锥形，老则广卵形；大枝近轮生，斜上伸展，雌株的大枝常较雄株的开展或下垂。叶扇形，顶端宽5—8厘米，边缘浅波状，或在萌枝及幼树之叶的中央浅裂或深裂为2，基部楔形，叶柄长3—10(多为5—8)厘米。球花小而不明显，与叶同时开放。种子椭圆形、倒卵形或近球形，长2.5—3.5厘米，外种皮熟时有臭味，淡黄色或桔黄色，被白粉；中种皮白色，骨质，具2—3条纵脊；内种皮膜质，淡红褐色；胚乳肉质，味甘略苦。花期3月下旬至4月中旬，果期9—10月。
产丽江、腾冲、昆明、广南等地，海拔1600—2 100米地带有栽培，多见于寺庙及庭园。朝鲜、日本、欧美各国均有栽培。
本种为现存种子植物中最古老的种类，原产我国，现广泛栽培于我国沈阳以南地区，各地常保存有数百年至千年以上的老树。
在气候冬春温寒干燥或温凉湿润、夏秋温暖多雨，土层深厚的条件下生长良好；在高温多雨条件下虽能适应但生长缓慢。种子、嫁接或分株繁殖均可，由于是雌雄异株，以收取种子为目的的多用嫁接繁殖，可提前结籽和选择适宜的优良品种。
树形优美，常栽于古刹庭园之中。材质轻软，富弹性，易加工，有光泽，不易开裂反挠，是极好的建筑、雕刻、绘图版等用材。种子即白果，可供食用和药用，有润肺益气、定喘咳、利尿等功效；民间用菜子油浸白果，对结核菌有抑制作用；叶及外种皮可作农药。

《Flora of North America》|| Ginkgoaceae || Ginkgo || Ginkgo biloba

1. Ginkgo biloba Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 313. 1771.

Maidenhair tree, ginkgo

Trees to 30 m. Crown somewhat ovoid to obovoid, tending to be asymmetric, primary branches ascending at ca. 45° from trunk. Long shoots faintly striate; spurs thick, knoblike or to 3 cm, gray, covered with bud-scale scars. Buds brown, globose, scales imbricate, margins scarious. Leaves fan-shaped, glabrous except for tuft of hairs in axils, blades 2--9.5 × 2--12 cm, mostly 1.5 times wider than long, apices cleft to truncate; venation dichotomous, appearing parallel; leaf scars semicircular; petioles channeled on adaxial surface, 2.5--8.5 cm. Seeds obovoid to ellipsoid, yellow to orange, 2.3--2.7 × 1.9--2.3 cm, mostly 1.1--1.2 times longer than broad, glaucous, rugose, with apical scar, maturing in single season, usually 1 per peduncle, occasionally polyembryonic, outer coat foul-smelling; peduncles orange, glaucous, ridged, 3--9.5 cm, collar broadly elliptic, 7.2--8.6 mm broad. 2 n = 24.

Ginkgo is widely planted as an ornamental. The unusual shape of the crown, natural resistance to disease, and yellow leaf color in fall make this a favorite street and park tree. Ovulate trees produce an abundance of seeds, which have a particularly obnoxious odor; the planting of ovulate ginkgoes is often discouraged for this reason. Seeds (canned with fleshy outer coat removed) are sold in ethnic markets as "silver almonds" or "white nuts," the gametophyte and embryo being edible. Oils from the outer coat are known to cause dermatitis in some humans.

In China Ginkgo biloba is either extinct in the wild or drastically restricted in range. The species is reported to occur naturally in remote mountain valleys in China"s Zhejiang province (C. N. Page 1990). Persistence of trees planted about dwellings, however, when no trace of the dwellings remains, complicates discerning the status of such trees. Most, if not all, ginkgoes exist only in cultivation.

In the flora area seeds of ginkgo, minus the fleshy outer coat, have been found beneath various species of trees up to 150 m from the nearest seed-producing ginkgo. The dispersal agents were almost certainly birds, possibly crows. A cache of ginkgo seeds, in association with scats of raccoons [ Procyon lotor (Linnaeus), family Procyonidae], was found in a tree crotch about 50 m from the nearest source of the seeds (J. W. Thieret, pers. comm.). Apparent animal dispersal of ginkgo requires further study.

Seedlings or saplings of ginkgo are very rarely found in the vicinity of planted trees and in fencerows and woods (undocumented reports from Kentucky, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia), hence the inclusion of the species in the flora. Nevertheless, the species is doubtfully naturalized in North America despite about two centuries of cultivation here.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Franklin, A. H. 1959. Ginkgo biloba L.: Historical summary and bibliography. Virginia J. Sci., n. s. 10: 131--176.

《Flora of China》|| Ginkgoaceae || Ginkgo ||银杏 Ginkgo biloba

1. Ginkgo biloba Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 313. 1771.

银杏 yin xing

Salisburia adiantifolia Smith; S. biloba (Linnaeus) Hoffmansegg.

Trees to 40 m tall; trunk to 4 m d.b.h.; bark light gray or grayish brown, longitudinally fissured especially on old trees; crown conical initially, finally broadly ovoid; long branchlets pale brownish yellow initially, finally gray, internodes (1-) 1.5-4 cm; short branchlets blackish gray, with dense, irregularly elliptic leaf scars; winter buds yellowish brown, ovate. Leaves with petiole (3-)5-8(-10) cm; blade pale green, turning bright yellow in autumn, to 13 × 8(-15) cm on young trees but usually 5-8 cm wide, those on long branchlets divided by a deep, apical sinus into 2 lobes each further dissected, those on short branchlets with undulate distal and margin notched apex. Pollen cones ivory colored, 1.2-2.2 cm; pollen sacs boat-shaped, with widely gaping slit. Seeds elliptic, narrowly obovoid, ovoid, or subglobose, 2.5-3.5 × 1.6-2.2 cm; sarcotesta yellow, or orange-yellow glaucous, with rancid odor when ripe; sclerotesta white, with 2 or 3 longitudinal ridges; endotesta pale reddish brown. Pollination Mar-Apr, seed maturity Sep-Oct.

* Scattered in broad-leaved forests and valleys on acidic, well-drained, yellow loess (pH = 5-5.5); 300-1100 m. Perhaps native in NW Zhejiang (Tianmu Shan); widely and long cultivated below 2000 m in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.

A relict species of the Mesozoic era, this and other (extinct) species of Ginkgo were formerly widespread throughout the world. The atavistic, leaf-marginal seeds of one cultivated clone may suggest an affinity with the extinct pteridosperms. Ginkgo biloba is now a rare species in the wild, but has been widely cultivated as an ornamental, probably for more than 3000 years. It provides shade and is tolerant of a wide range of climatic and edaphic conditions, including pollution. It is sacred to Buddhists and is often planted near temples. The wood is used in furniture making, the leaves are medicinal and used for pesticides, the roots are used as a cure for leucorrhea, the seeds are edible, and the bark yields tannin.