《中国植物志》|| 蔷薇科 ROSACEAE ||孔核组 Sect. Persicae Yu et Lu ||桃 Amygdalus persica L.

7. 桃（诗经）陶古日（蒙语）
Amygdalus persica L. Sp. Pl. 677. 1753; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 2. 2: 500: 1832; 俞德浚, 中国果树分类学28. 1979. ——Persica vulgaris Mill. Gard. Dict. abridg. ed. 8. 465. 1768; Kost. in Kom. Fl. URSS 10; 601. 1941; 东北木本植物图志319. 图版110. 图234. 1955. ——Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Beytr. Entw. Pragm. Gesch. Natur. 1: 30. 1801: Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2:313. 1878; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7:534. 1933;中国高等植物图鉴2: 304. 图2338.1972; 内蒙古植物志3: 123. 图版63. 图5-6. 1977.——Prunus persica (L.) Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 101. 1812: Koehne in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 1: 273. 1913; Card. in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. lndo-Chine 2: 629. 1920.
乔木，高3-8米；树冠宽广而平展；树皮暗红褐色，老时粗糙呈鳞片状；小枝细长，无毛，有光泽，绿色，向阳处转变成红色，具大量小皮孔；冬芽圆锥形，顶端钝，外被短柔毛，常2-3个簇生，中间为叶芽，两侧为花芽。叶片长圆披针形、椭圆披针形或倒卵状披针形，长7-15厘米，宽2-3.5厘米，先端渐尖，基部宽楔形，上面无毛，下面在脉腋间具少数短柔毛或无毛，叶边具细锯齿或粗锯齿，齿端具腺体或无腺体；叶柄粗壮，长1-2厘米，常具1至数枚腺体，有时无腺体。花单生，先于叶开放，直径2.5-3.5厘米；花梗极短或几无梗；萼筒钟形，被短柔毛，稀几无毛，绿色而具红色斑点；萼片卵形至长圆形，顶端圆钝，外被短柔毛；花瓣长圆状椭圆形至宽倒卵形，粉红色，罕为白色；雄蕊约20-30，花药绯红色；花柱几与雄蕊等长或稍短；子房被短柔毛。果实形状和大小均有变异，卵形、宽椭圆形或扁圆形，直径（3）5-7（12）厘米，长几与宽相等，色泽变化由淡绿白色至橙黄色，常在向阳面具红晕，外面密被短柔毛，稀无毛，腹缝明显，果梗短而深入果洼；果肉白色、浅绿白色、黄色、橙黄色或红色，多汁有香味，甜或酸甜；核大，离核或粘核，椭圆形或近圆形，两侧扁平，顶端渐尖，表面具纵、横沟纹和孔穴；种仁味苦，稀味甜。花期3-4月，果实成熟期因品种而异，通常为8-9月。2n=16。
原产我国，各省区广泛栽培。世界各地均有栽植。
桃树干上分泌的胶质，俗称桃胶，可用作粘接剂等，为一种聚糖类物质，水解能生成。阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、木糖、鼠李糖、葡糖醛酸等，可食用，也供药用，有破血、和血、益气之效。
桃的食用类群有离核和粘核之分，简述如下。

《云南植物志》|| 蔷薇科 Rosaceae ||桃属 Amygdalus L. ||桃 Amygdalus persica L.

2.桃（诗经）图版129: 1-3
毛桃（云南种子植物名录）
Amygdalus persica L. (1753); Roxb. (1832); 中国果树分类学 (1979)*; 中国植物志 (1986)*; Flora of China (2003).
Amygdalus persica b. nucipersica S. aganonucipersica Schubler et Martens (1834); A. persica var. aganonucipersica (Schubler et Martens) Yu et Lu (1986); A. persica (unranked) aganopersica Reich. (1832); A. persica var. compressa (Loudon) Yu et Lu (1986); A. persica (unranked) scleronucipersica Schubeler et Martens (1834); A. persica var. sclernucipersica (Schubler et Martens) Yu et Lu (1986); A. persica (unranked) scleropersica Reichenback (1832); A. persica var. scleropersica (Reichenback) Yu et Lu (1986); Persica platycarpa Decaisne (1875); P. vulgaris Miller (1838); P. vulgaris var. compressa Loudon (1914); Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (1801); Hook. f. (1878); Hand.-Mazz. (1933); 图鉴 (1972)*; 云南种子植物名录(1984); P. persica var. compressa (Loudon) Bean (1914); P. persica var. platycarpa (Decaisne) L. H. Bailey (1902).
乔木，高4-8米。树冠宽广而平展；树皮暗红褐色，老时粗糙呈鳞片状；小枝细长，无毛，有光泽，绿色，向阳处转变成红色，具大量小皮孔；冬芽圆锥形，顶端钝，外面被短柔毛，常2-3个簇生，中间为叶芽，两侧为花芽。叶片长圆状披针形，椭圆状披针形或倒卵状披针形，长7-15厘米，宽2-3.5厘米，先端渐尖，基部宽楔形，上面无毛，背面在脉腋间具少数短柔毛或无毛，边缘具细锯齿或粗锯齿，齿端具腺体或无腺体；叶柄粗壮，长1-2厘米，常具1至数枚腺体，有时无腺体。花单生，先于叶开放，直径2.5-3.5厘米；花梗短或几无花梗；萼筒钟形，被短柔毛，稀几无毛，绿色而具红色斑点，萼片卵形至长圆形，顶端钝圆，外面被短柔毛；花瓣长圆状椭圆形至宽倒卵形，粉红色，罕为白色；雄蕊20-30，花药绯红色；花柱几与雄蕊等长或稍短；子房被短柔毛。果实形状与大小均有变异，卵形，宽椭圆形或扁圆形，直径（3-）5-7（-12）厘米，长几与宽相等，色泽变化由淡绿白色至橙黄色，常在向阳面具红晕，外面密被短柔毛，稀无毛，腹缝明显，果梗短而深入果洼；果肉白色，浅绿白色，黄色，橙黄色或红色，多汁，有香味，甜或酸甜；核大，离核或粘核，椭圆形或近圆形，两侧扁平，顶端渐尖，表面具纵、横沟纹和孔穴；种仁味苦，稀味甜。花期3-4月，果期通常8-9月，且常因品种而异。染色体2n=16。
产云南各地。原产中国北方，各省市广泛栽培。世界各地均有栽培。
桃树树干上分泌的胶质叫“桃胶”，可用作粘接剂等，为一种聚糖类物质，水解能生成阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、木糖、鼠李糖、葡糖醛酸等，可食用，也供药用，有破血、和血、益气的功效。
因久经栽培，桃的食用类群可划分为5个品种群，介绍如下。
1.南方桃品种群：果实顶端圆钝，果肉柔软多汁；树形开展；通常长枝结果；花芽多为复芽。主要分布于华东、西南和华南等地。
2.北方桃品种群：果实顶端尖而突起，缝合线较深；树形较直；中、短果枝比例较大，主要分布于华北、西北和华中一带。
3.蟠桃品种群：果实扁平形，两端凹入；树冠开展，枝条短而密；花多，丰产。江苏栽培最多，华北和西北较少。
4.黄肉桃品种群：果皮和果肉均金黄色，肉质较紧密强韧，适于加工和制罐头。西北、西南地区栽培较多。
5.油桃品种群：果实外面无毛。产西北各省区，尤以新疆、甘肃栽培较多。桃的观赏树品种也多，是一优良观赏树种。

《Flora of China》|| Rosaceae || Amygdalus || Amygdalus

7. Amygdalus persica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 472. 1753.

桃 tao

Amygdalus persica [unranked] aganonucipersica Schübler & Martens; A. persica var. aganonucipersica (Schübler & Martens) T. T. Yü & L. T. Lu; A. persica [unranked] aganopersica Reichenbach; A. persica var. compressa (Loudon) T. T. Yü & L. T. Lu; A. persica [unranked] scleronucipersica Schübler & Martens; A. persica var. scleronucipersica (Schübler & Martens) T. T. Yü & L. T. Lu; A. persica [unranked] scleropersica Reichenbach; A. persica var. scleropersica (Reichenbach) T. T. Yü & L. T. Lu; Persica platycarpa Decaisne; P. vulgaris Miller; P. vulgaris var. compressa Loudon; Prunus persica (Linnaeus) Batsch; P. persica var. compressa (Loudon) Bean; P. persica subsp. platycarpa (Decaisne) D. Rivera et al.; P. persica var. platycarpa (Decaisne) L. H. Bailey.

Trees 3–8 m tall, with a broad and ± horizontally spreading crown. Bark dark reddish brown, scabrous and squamose with age. Branchlets green but reddish on exposed side, slender, glabrous, lustrous, with many small lenticels. Winter buds often 2 or 3 in a fascicle, conical, pubescent, apex obtuse. Petiole robust, 1–2 cm, with or without 1 to several nectaries; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or obovate-oblanceolate, 7–15 × 2–3.5 cm, abaxially with or without a few hairs in vein axils, adaxially glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin finely to coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Flowers solitary, opening before leaves, 2–3.5 cm in diam. Pedicel very short to flower subsessile. Hypanthium green with a red tinge, shortly campanulate, 3–5 mm, outside pubescent or rarely subglabrous. Sepals ovate to oblong, ± as long as hypanthium, outside pubescent to rarely subglabrous, apex obtuse. Petals pink or white, oblong-elliptic to broadly obovate, 1–1.7 × 0.9–1.2 cm. Stamens 20–30; anthers purplish red. Ovary pubescent. Style nearly as long as stamens. Drupe color varies from greenish white to orangish yellow, usually with a red tinge on exposed side, ovoid, broadly ellipsoid, or compressed globose, (3–)5–7(–12) cm in diam. and usually nearly as long, densely pubescent, very rarely glabrous, ventral suture conspicuous; mesocarp white, greenish white, yellow, orangish yellow, or red, succulent, sweet to sour-sweet, fragrant; endocarp large, ellipsoid to suborbicular, compressed on both sides, surface longitudinally and transversely furrowed and pitted, free from mesocarp or compactly adnate to it, apex acuminate. Seed bitter, rarely sweet. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Aug–Sep.

Cultivated throughout China, escaped from cultivation in waste fields or on disturbed slopes; 1500--2200 m. Escaped from cultivation in at least Gansu, Hebei, and Shanxi.

Although native to N China, truly wild peaches no longer exist. Peaches are important, fruit-bearing and ornamental plants cultivated throughout temperate and subtropical zones. Cultivated varieties have been named for whether the fruit are compressed or not, whether the fruit surface is pubescent or glabrous, and whether the endocarp is free or adnate to the mesocarp.