《中国植物志》|| 天南星科 ARACEAE ||半夏属 Pinellia Tenore ||半夏 Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Ten. ex Breitenb.

4．半夏（神农本草经）三叶半夏（山西、河南、广西），三步跳（湖北、四川、贵州、云南），麻芋果（贵州），田里心、无心菜、老鸦眼、老鸦芋头（山东），燕子尾、地慈姑、球半夏、尖叶半夏（广西），老黄咀、老和尚扣、野芋头、老鸦头、地星（江苏），三步魂、麻芋子（四川），小天老星、药狗丹（东北、华北），三叶头草、三棱草（上海），洋犁头、小天南星（福建），扣子莲、生半夏、土半夏、野半夏（江西），半子、三片叶、三开花、三角草、三兴草（甘肃），地文、和姑、守田（古称），地珠半夏（云南）图版40：1-7
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. in Bot. Zeitg. 687, fig. 1-4. 1879; Engl. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 73 (4, 23F) : 222, fig. 55: A-M. 1920; Hand. -Mazt., Symb. Sin. 7: 1368. 1936; 秦岭植物志1 (1) : 287, 图257. 1976.——Arum ternatum Thumb. , Fl. Jap. 233. 1784; Benth., Fl. Hongk.: 542 in nota. 1861. ——Pinellia tuberifera Tenore in Atti R. Acad. Sc. Nap. 4: 221. 1839; Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 566. 1879, in Engl. et Prantl, Pflzfam. 2 (3) : 151. 1889; B. E. Brown in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 174. 1903; Dunn in Fl. Kwan tung and Hongk.: 288. 1912.
块茎圆球形，直径1-2厘米，具须根。叶2-5枚，有时1枚。叶柄长15-20厘米，基部具鞘，鞘内、鞘部以上或叶片基部（叶柄顶头）有直径3-5毫米的珠芽，珠芽在母株上萌发或落地后萌发；幼苗叶片卵状心形至戟形，为全缘单叶，长2-3厘米，宽2-2.5厘米；老株叶片3全裂，裂片绿色，背淡，长圆状椭圆形或披针形，两头锐尖，中裂片长3-10厘米，宽1-3厘米；侧裂片稍短；全缘或具不明显的浅波状圆齿，侧脉8-10对，细弱，细脉网状，密集，集合脉2圈。花序柄长25-30（-35）厘米，长于叶柄。佛焰苞绿色或绿白色，管部狭圆柱形，长1.5-2厘米；檐部长圆形，绿色，有时边缘青紫色，长4-5厘米，宽1.5厘米，钝或锐尖。肉穗花序：雌花序长2厘米，雄花序长5-7毫米，其中间隔3毫米；附属器绿色变青紫色，长6-10厘米，直立，有时“S”形弯曲。浆果卵圆形，黄绿色，先端渐狭为明显的花柱。花期5-7月，果8月成熟。
除内蒙古、新疆、青海、西藏尚未发现野生的外，全国各地广布，海拔2500米以下，常见于草坡、荒地、玉米地、田边或疏林下，为旱地中的杂草之一。朝鲜、日本也有。
块茎入药，有毒，能燥湿化痰，降逆止呕，生用消疖肿；主治咳嗽痰多、恶心呕吐；外用治急性乳腺炎、急慢性化浓性中耳炎。兽医用以治锁喉癀。
本种喜暖温潮湿，耐荫蔽；可栽培于林下或果树行间，或与其它作物间作，可用块茎、珠芽或种子繁殖。

《云南植物志》|| 天南星科 Araceae ||半夏属 Pinellia Tenore ||半夏 Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit.

1. 半夏（神农本草经）三叶半夏（广西、山西、河南），三步跳（云南、贵州、四川、湖北），守田、地文、和姑（古名）
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. (1879*)，Makino (1901), Matsumura (1905), Engl. (1920), Krause (1924), Pei (1935), Hand.-Mazz. (1936), Ohwi (1956).
Arum ternatum Thunb. (1784); Arisaema macrourum Kunth. (1841); Arum bulbiferum Salisb. (1796); Arisaema ternatum (Thunb.) Schott (1832, 1860); Pinellia tuberifera Tenore (1839), schott (1856, 1859*, 1860), Engl. (1879, 1848, 1889, 1900), N. E. Brown (1903), Dunn (1912).
多年生草本。块茎圆球形，直径1—2厘米，具须根。叶常1—2。叶柄长15—20厘米，基部鞘状，于叶片下部（1/3处）及叶片基部各生1直径5—8毫米的紫色珠芽；幼苗常具单叶，叶片卵状心形至箭形，长2—3厘米，宽2—2.5厘米；老株叶片3全裂，裂片长圆状椭圆形或披针形，两头锐尖、中裂片长3—10厘米，宽1-3厘米，侧裂片稍短，全缘或具不明显的浅波状圆齿，侧脉8—10对，细弱，细脉网状，密集，集合脉2条。花序柄长25-30（-35）厘米，长于叶柄。佛焰苞绿色或绿白色：管部狭圆柱形，长1.5—2厘米，檐部长圆形，背面绿色，内面边缘青紫色，长4—5厘米，宽1.5厘米，钝或锐尖。肉穗花序：雌花序长2厘米，雄花序长5—7毫米，中间有3毫米长的间隔。附属器青紫色，长6—10厘米，直立，稍呈之字形弯曲。浆果卵圆形，绿色，先端渐狭为明显的花柱。花期5—7月。
产东北、华北、西北至江南各省。云南几个县都有，海拔600-2300米，常见于草坡、包谷地、荒地、田边、溪边及疏林下。分布于朝鲜、日本。常为旱地杂草之一。
块茎入药，有毒；化痰止咳，行瘀解毒；为治恶心呕吐要药，对妊娠期呕吐有良效，并治咽喉肿痛、支气管炎、消化不良、胃炎、胃溃疡呕吐、头晕头痛、失眠、白带；鲜草外敷跌打青肿，痈肿，蜈蚣毒蛇咬伤，外伤出血、乳腺炎等，兽医用以治锁喉癀。

《Flora of China》|| Araceae || Pinellia ||半夏 Pinellia ternata

8. Pinellia ternata (Thunberg) Tenore ex Breitenbach, Bot. Zeitung. 37: 687. 1879.

半夏 ban xia

Arum ternatum Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 827. 1784; Arisaema loureiroi Blume; A. macrourum (Bunge) Kunth; A. ternatum (Thunberg) Schott; Arum atrorubens Sprengel (1826), not Linnaeus (1753); A. bulbiferum Salisbury; A. bulbosum Persoon ex Kunth; A. fornicatum Roth; A. macrourum Bunge; A. subulatum Desfontaines; A. triphyllum Houttuyn (1774), not Linnaeus (1753); Hemicarpurus fornicatus (Roth) Nees; Pinellia angustata Schott; P. koreana K. H. Tae & J. H. Kim; P. ternata var. angustata (Schott) Engler; P. ternata var. giraldiana Engler; P. ternata var. subpandurata Engler; P. ternata var. vulgaris Engler; P. tuberifera Tenore, nom. illeg. superfl.; Typhonium tuberculigerum Schott.

Tuber globose, 1-2 cm in diam. Leaves 2-5; petiole 15-20 cm, base sheathing; bulbils present in sheath, at proximal or middle part of petiole, and at base of leaf blade; leaf blade 3-foliolate, sometimes pedate with 5 leaflets; leaflets greenish abaxially, green adaxially, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, base cuneate, apex acuminate; anterior leaflet 3-10 × 1-3 cm; lateral leaflets (3-)4-7.5 × 1.8-2.3 cm, with 7-9(or 10) primary lateral veins per side, forming a collective vein along margin. Inflorescence including peduncle longer than petioles, 25-35 cm; peduncle 15-25 cm. Spathe greenish or whitish green, rarely purplish, slightly constricted, 6-7 cm; tube narrowly cylindric, 1.5-2 cm; limb green and usually violet at margin, oblong, 4-5 × ca. 1.5 cm, apex obtuse or acute. Spadix 9-10 cm; female zone ca. 2 cm, adnate to spathe; female flowers densely arranged; pistil 2.1-2.2 mm; ovary ovoid, ca. 1.8 × 1-1.1 mm; style distinct, attenuate; stigma very small, ca. 0.2 mm in diam., not broader than style; sterile zone between female and male flowers ca. 3 mm; male zone 5-7 mm; thecae elongate, ca. 1.2 mm, opening by a slit; appendix erect or sigmoid, green to violet, 6-7(-8) cm. Berries yellowish green to whitish, ovoid, with persistent stigma and style, 1-seeded. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 28, 54, 72, 104, 115, 116, 128.

Grasslands, secondary forests, wastelands, cultivated lands; below 2500 m. Widely distributed in China, excluding Nei Mongol, Qinghai, Xinjiang, and Xizang [Japan (including Ryukyu Islands), Korea; naturalized in Europe and North America].

Pinellia ternata is a highly variable species in morphology and cytology. It differs from other Pinellia species by having bulbils at different parts of the petiole; bulbils on each petiole may be 1, 2, or 3. Fourteen sheets of specimens in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), have been studied and counted: six specimens have bulbils at the proximal part of the petiole; five specimens show bulbils at the median part; one specimen has three bulbils located at the proximal and median parts and at the distal part; another specimen has two bulbils at the distal and proximal parts (6 May 1975, N. Togash s.n. from Tokyo); and one has two bulbils found at the distal and the median parts. After examining the variability in position and number of bulbils, we suggest that "Pinellia zinguiensis" H. Li (nom. nud.), with bulbils at both the distal and proximal parts of the petiole, must be a synonym of P. ternata. For the same reason, Engler’s four variants (P. ternata var. angustata, P. ternata var. giraldiana, P. ternata var. subpandurata, and P. ternata var. vulgaris) may not represent any independent systematic taxa. Pinellia koreana was described from Korea as differing by its pedate leaf blades with five leaflets; but strong growing plants sometimes produce pedate leaf blades, and, therefore, this is only a further synonym of P. ternata. It was collected from Korea, Mt. Chiri, 480 m, 10 Jun 1999 (fl.), K.-H. Tae 99-001 (holotype, TUT).

The poisonous tubers are used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating coughs, reducing phlegm, stopping vomiting, and externally for treating mastitis and otitis media. The plant is also used ornamentally.