《中国植物志》|| 荨麻科 URTICACEAE ||苎麻组 Sect. Tilocnide Bl. ||苎麻 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich.

4.苎麻（名医别录）野麻（广东、贵州、湖南、湖北、安徽），野苎麻（贵州、浙 江、江苏、湖北、河南、陕西、甘肃），家麻（江西），苎仔（台湾），青麻（广西、湖 北），白麻（广西）图版73: 1-4
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. in Frey. Voy. Bot. 499. 1830; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 331. 1861; Wedd. in DC. Prodr. 16 (1): 206. 1869; C. H. Wright in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 486. 1899; Chien in Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China 8: 93. 1932 et 9: 267. 1934; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学245. 1937; 广州植物志401. 1956; 江苏南部种子植物手册223, 图345. 1959; 海南植物志2: 414. 1965; 中国高等植物图鉴1: 517, 图1034. 1972; 福建植物志1: 473. 1982; 云南种子植物名录, 上册, 714. 1984; 贵州植物志4: 67. 1989. ——Urtica nivea L. Syst. 985. 1753. br>亚灌木或灌木，高0.5-1.5米；茎上部与叶柄均密被开展的长硬毛和近开展和贴伏 的短糙毛。叶互生；叶片草质，通常圆卵形或宽卵形，少数卵形，长6-15厘米，宽4-11厘米，顶端骤尖，基部近截形或宽楔形，边缘在基部之上有牙齿，上面稍粗糙，疏被 短伏毛，下面密被雪白色毡毛，侧脉约3对；叶柄长2.5-9.5厘米；托叶分生，钻状披 针形，长7-11毫米，背面被毛。圆锥花序腋生，或植株上部的为雌性，其下的为雄性， 或同一植株的全为雌性，长2-9厘米；雄团伞花序直径1-3毫米，有少数雄花；雌团 伞花序直径0.5-2毫米，有多数密集的雌花。雄花：花被片4，狭椭圆形，长约1.5毫 米，合生至中部，顶端急尖，外面有疏柔毛；雄蕊4，长约2毫米，花药长约0.6毫米； 退化雌蕊狭倒卵球形，长约0.7毫米，顶端有短柱头。雌花：花被椭圆形，长0.6-1毫 米，顶端有2-3小齿，外面有短柔毛，果期菱状倒披针形，长0-8-1.2毫米；柱头丝 形，长0.5-0.6毫米。瘦果近球形，长约0.6毫米，光滑，基部突缩成细柄。花期8-10月。
产云南、贵州、广西、广东、福建、江西、台湾、浙江、湖北、四川，以及甘肃、陕 西、河南的南部广泛栽培。越南、老挝等地。生于山谷林边或草坡，海拔200-1 700米。
据现有史料查考，我国早在公元前14-12世纪，殷墟出土的《卜辞》中就有丝麻的 像形文字。春秋中叶的《诗经》（约公元前6世纪）陈风中有“东门之池，可以沤紵（同 苎）”之句。战国后期的古藉中也有记载。可见我国苎麻的栽培历史至少在三千年以上。 苎麻于18世纪初先后输入到欧洲和北美。现在我国秦岭以南各省区栽培苎麻甚广，我国 苎麻产量占世界总产量的75-80％。主产区在江西北部、湖南北部及四川中部等地区。
苎麻的茎皮纤维细长，强韧，洁白，有光泽，拉力强，耐水湿，富弹力和绝缘性，可 织成夏布（湖南浏阳及江西万载等地出产的夏布最为著名）、飞机的翼布，橡胶工业的衬 布、电线包被、白热灯纱、渔网、制人造丝、人造棉等，与羊毛、棉花混纺可制高级衣 料；短纤维可为高级纸张、火药、人造丝等的原料，又可织地毯、麻袋等。药用：根为 利尿解热药，并有安胎作用；叶为止血剂，治创伤出血；根、叶并用治急性淋浊、尿道 炎出血等症。嫩叶可养蚕，作饲料。种子可榨油，供制肥皂和食用。

《云南植物志》|| 荨麻科 Urticaceae, nom. fam. conserv. ||苎麻组 Sect.Tilocnide Bl. ||苎麻 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.

3.苎麻（名医别录）
元麻、家麻、大麻、青麻、白麻、野麻（云南文山），钻地风（昆明），竹麻（曲靖）、果伴（普文傣语）
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. (1826); (L.) Hook. et Arn. (1836); Hook. (1851); Wedd. (1854), (1856)*, et in DC. (1869); Bl. (1856); Benth. (1861); Maxim. (1877); Hook. f. (1888); C. H. Wright (1899); Pamp. (1910); Diels (1912), (1913); Schneid. in Sarg. (1916); Chun (1924); Merr. (1927); Hand.-Mazz. (1929); Gagnep. in Lecte. (1929); Chien (1932); Belval (1933); 中国树木分类学 (1937); 广州植物志 (1956); 江苏南部种子植物手册 (1959)*; 海南植物志 (1965); "图鉴" (1972)*; 云南经济植物 (1974); Liu et Wang (1976); W. T. Wang (1981), "图鉴补编" (1982) in clavi; Griers. et Long (1983) (ut (L.) W. et A.); C. Y. Wu (1984); W. T. Wang in 横断山区维管植物 (1993).
Urtica nivea L. (1753); Ramium nivea (L.) Small (1933).
半灌木，高1—2米；小枝密被开展长硬毛和近开展贴伏的短毛。叶互生；叶片纸质，宽卵形或近圆形，长5—16厘米，宽3—14厘米，先端渐尖或尾尖，基部宽楔形、圆形或微心形，边缘在基部以上有齿尖向上的粗牙齿，上面绿色，粗糙，散生糙伏毛，下面除叶脉外均密被紧压交织的雪白色毡毛，叶脉上密被褐色或黄色糙伏毛，基出脉3条，上面凹陷，下面隆起，侧脉3—4对；叶柄长2—11厘米，毛被同小枝；托叶披针形，长1—1.5厘米，先端钻形，脱落。雌雄通常同株，团伞花序排列成腋生无叶的圆锥花序，整个花序长4—5厘米，略下垂，通常雌花序位于上部的叶腋间；苞片卵状舟形，长约1.5毫米。雄花4基数；花被宽椭圆形或倒卵形，长1—1.5毫米。退化雌蕊梨形，极小；花梗近无。雌花：花被长约1毫米，长圆形，密被短柔毛，顶端有2小齿；柱头长约1毫米，光滑。花期7—8月，果期9—11月。
云南南北各地常见栽培，生于海拔1400—2700米的田边、村边及山坡上；我国秦岭以南亚热带地区广为栽培，也有野生。亦见于中南半岛等地，模式标本采自我国。
茎皮纤维为制夏布、优质纸的原料；根、叶供药用，有清热解毒、止血、消肿、利尿、安胎之效；叶可养蚕或作饲料；种子油供食用。

《云南植物志》|| 荨麻科 Urticaceae, nom. fam. conserv. ||苎麻组 Sect.Tilocnide Bl. ||苎麻 (原变种) Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. var. nivea

3a.苎麻（原变种）图版79，1—2
var. nivea
半灌木，高1—2米；小枝密被开展长硬毛和近开展贴伏的短毛。叶互生；叶片纸质，宽卵形或近圆形，长5—16厘米，宽3—14厘米，先端渐尖或尾尖，基部宽楔形、圆形或微心形，边缘在基部以上有齿尖向上的粗牙齿，上面绿色，粗糙，散生糙伏毛，下面除叶脉外均密被紧压交织的雪白色毡毛，叶脉上密被褐色或黄色糙伏毛，基出脉3条，上面凹陷，下面隆起，侧脉3—4对；叶柄长2—11厘米，毛被同小枝；托叶披针形，长1—1.5厘米，先端钻形，脱落。雌雄通常同株，团伞花序排列成腋生无叶的圆锥花序，整个花序长4—5厘米，略下垂，通常雌花序位于上部的叶腋间；苞片卵状舟形，长约1.5毫米。雄花4基数；花被宽椭圆形或倒卵形，长1—1.5毫米。退化雌蕊梨形，极小；花梗近无。雌花：花被长约1毫米，长圆形，密被短柔毛，顶端有2小齿；柱头长约1毫米，光滑。花期7—8月，果期9—11月。
云南南北各地常见栽培，生于海拔1400—2700米的田边、村边及山坡上；我国秦岭以南亚热带地区广为栽培，也有野生。亦见于中南半岛等地，模式标本采自我国。
茎皮纤维为制夏布、优质纸的原料；根、叶供药用，有清热解毒、止血、消肿、利尿、安胎之效；叶可养蚕或作饲料；种子油供食用。

《Flora of North America》|| Urticaceae || Boehmeria || Boehmeria nivea

2. Boehmeria nivea (Linnaeus) Gaudichaud Beaupré, Voy. Uranie, Bot. 12: 499. 1830.

Ramie

Urtica nivea Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 985. 1753; Ramium niveum (Linnaeus) Small

Shrubs or subshrubs , 2(-3) m. Leaves alternate. Leaf blades broadly ovate to nearly orbiculate, 8-15 × 5-12 cm, abaxial surface densely white-tomentose, adaxial surface slightly scabrous. Inflorescences panicles of moniliform (beaded) clusters, branches not leafy at apex; staminate flowers in proximal leaf axils, pistillate flowers in distil axils. Achenes compressed or lenticular, ovoid or ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 × ca. 0.9 mm, pubescent with straight or slightly curved hairs, uniformly smooth; seeds not conspicuous in outline, corky tissue absent.

Flowering late summer-fall. Roadsides, waste places, vacant lots, cultivated fields, along Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains; 0-200 m; introduced; Ala., Fla., Ga., La., S.C., Tex., Va.; Central America; Asia.

Boehmeria nivea , ramie, is an important source of fiber in Asia and was introduced into the United States in 1855 as a commercial crop. The fibers are exceptionally strong but difficult to extract.

《Flora of China》|| Urticaceae || Boehmeria ||苎麻 Boehmeria nivea

2. Boehmeria nivea (Linnaeus) Gaudichaud-Beaupré, Voy. Uranie, Bot. 12: 499. 1830.

苎麻 zhu ma

Subshrubs or shrubs simple or few branched, 0.5-1.5 m tall; upper stems, branchlets, and petioles densely patent hirsute, appressed strigose or only strigose. Monoecious. Leaves alternate; stipules lanceolate, free or connate and 2-cleft, 7-11 mm; petiole 2.5-10 cm; leaf blade often orbicular or broadly ovate, sometimes ovate or elliptic-ovate, 5-15 × 3.5-13 cm, herbaceous, secondary veins ca. 3 each side of midvein, abaxial surface snowy tomentose, sometimes light green with strigose hairs on veins, or thinly white tomentose, adaxial surface slightly rough and sparsely hispid, base subtruncate, rounded, cordate, or cuneate, margin dentate from base, apex cuspidate or acuminate. Glomerules unisexual, on specialized, unisexual flowering branches in the axils of current or recently fallen leaves, these paired and much branched, usually shorter than petioles and often congested in fruit, male branches proximal or sometimes absent, female distal. Male glomerules few-flowered, 2-4 mm in diam.; female glomerules many-flowered, 2-3 mm in diam. Male flowers 4-merous, sessile; perianth lobes connate to middle, ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent. Female flowers rhomboid-ellipsoidal, 0.6-0.8 mm; stigma ca. 1 mm. Fruiting perianth rhomboid-obovoid, compressed, ca. 1 mm, strigose on shoulder, base constricted and stalklike, apex almost without neck, 2-3-toothed; achenes subovoid, ca. 0.6 mm, base stipitate. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Sep-Nov.

Forest margins, thickets, moist places along streams, roadsides, often cultivated; 200-1700 m. S Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].

This species is extremely variable, but can be distinguished easily by its alternate leaves, cymose inflorescences, and stipitate achenes. Two varieties are recognized: var. nivea is known only from cultivation or from naturalized populations; it is a stout plant with dense, long, spreading hairs, free stipules, and broadly ovate to suborbicular leaf blades with the abaxial surface densely, rarely more thinly, white or gray tomentose. Naturalized plants are often smaller with smaller, relatively narrower leaves and shorter inflorescences. Truly wild populations are very variable in stature and indumentum, but can be consistently distinguished by the appressed to assurgent hairs on the stems and leaves and the connate stipules, and are here distinguished as var. tenacissima. The plants are sometimes cultivated. Such plants with concolorous leaves have been variously named as var. concolor, var. tenacissima, var. viridula, and Boehmeria thailandica, but the diagnostic characters seem inconsistent, with many intermediate forms, even within local populations, and so all have been included here within var. tenacissima. More field work and molecular studies are needed to understand more fully this complex species.

Boehmeria nivea is cultivated widely in China, mainly in Jiangxi, but also in S Gansu, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Shaanxi, and Sichuan. The history of the cultivation of this species in China can be traced back at least 3000 years. Ramie, which provides high-quality fiber, is used to make ropes, cloth, and some industrial materials. Ramie was introduced to Europe and North and South America in the early 18th century. Ramie plants are used medicinally to relieve internal fevers and treat infections of the urethra. In addition, young leaves are used as fodder for silkworms.