《中国植物志》|| 葫芦科 CUCURBITACEAE ||葫芦属 Lagenaria Ser. ||葫芦 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

1. 葫芦（四时类要）瓠
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Chicago Bot. Ser. 3: 435. 1930; Keraudren in Aubreville et Leroy, Fl. Cambodge Laos Vietnam 15: 93. 1975; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 364, 图6142. 1975.——Cucurbita siceraria Molina, Sagg. Chile 133. 1782.——C. leucantha Duch. ex Lam., Encycl. 2: 150. 1786.——Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. in Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve 3 (1): 16. t. 2. 1825; Cogn. u. Harms in Engl., Pflanzenr. 88 (IV. 275. 2): 201. 1924. ——L. leucantha Rusby in Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 6: 43. 1896; Chakr. in Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. 17 (1): 66. 1959. ——Cucumis mairei Levl., Cat. Pl. Yunnan 64. 1916. ——Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. subsp. asiatica Kobyakova in Trudy Prikladn. Bot. 23 (3): 487. 1930.
一年生攀援草本；茎、枝具沟纹，被粘质长柔毛，老后渐脱落，变近无毛。叶柄纤细，长16-20厘米，有和茎枝一样的毛被，顶端有2腺体；叶片卵状心形或肾状卵形，长、宽均10-35厘米，不分裂或3-5裂，具5-7掌状脉，先端锐尖，边缘有不规则的齿，基部心形，弯缺开张，半圆形或近圆形，深1-3厘米，宽2-6厘米，两面均被微柔毛，叶背及脉上较密。卷须纤细，初时有微柔毛，后渐脱落，变光滑无毛，上部分2歧。雌雄同株，雌、雄花均单生。雄花：花梗细，比叶柄稍长，花梗、花萼、花冠均被微柔毛；花萼筒漏斗状，长约2厘米，裂片披针形，长5毫米；花冠黄色，裂片皱波状，长3-4厘米，宽2-3厘米，先端微缺而顶端有小尖头，5脉；雄蕊3，花丝长3-4毫米，花药长8-10毫米，长圆形，药室折曲。雌花花梗比叶柄稍短或近等长；花萼和花冠似雄花；花萼筒长2-3毫米；子房中间缢细，密生粘质长柔毛，花柱粗短，柱头3，膨大，2裂。果实初为绿色，后变白色至带黄色，由于长期栽培，果形变异很大，因不同品种或变种而异，有的呈亚铃状，中间缢细，下部和上部膨大，上部大于下部，长数十厘米，有的仅长10厘米（小葫芦），有的呈扁球形、棒状或构状，成熟后果皮变木质。种子白色，倒卵形或三角形，顶端截形或2齿裂，稀圆，长约20毫米。花期夏季，果期秋季。
我国各地栽培。亦广泛栽培于世界热带到温带地区。
幼嫩时可供菜食，成熟后外壳木质化，中空，可作各种容器，水瓢或儿童玩具；也可药用。

《云南植物志》|| 葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae nom. conserv. ||葫芦属 Lagenaria Ser. ||葫芦 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

1.葫芦（四时类要）
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. (1930); Back. et Bakh. f. (1963); Hara (1966); Pham Hong. Ho (1970); Lauener (1972); "图鉴" (1975)*; Keraudren in Aubrèv. et Leroy (1975)*; Hara et Sutton in Hara et al. (1979); 吴征镒 (1984); 秦岭植物志 (1985)*; 路安民、张志耘 (1986) .
Cucurbita lagenaria Linn. (1753); Lour. (1790); C. siceraria Molina (1782); C. leucentha Duch. ex Lam. (1786), nom. illeg.; Lagenaria vulgaris Ser. (1825), in DC. (1828); C. B. Clarke in Hook. f. (1879); Cogn. in DC. (1881); Cogn. u. Harms in Engl. (1924); Craib (1931); L. leucantha Rusby (1896); Merr. (1917), (1935); Chakrav. (1959); Cucumis mairei Lévl. (1916); L. vulgaris Ser. subsp. asiatica Kobyakova (1930).
一年生攀援藤本。茎、枝具纵棱槽，被粘质长柔毛，后渐脱落，变近无毛。单叶互生，叶片纸质，卵状心形或肾状心形，长、宽均为10—40厘米，不分裂或3—5裂，先端钝圆或急尖，基部心形，弯缺阔而深，半圆形或近圆形，凹入1—1.5厘米，宽2—6厘米，边缘具不规则的锯齿，叶面绿色，背面淡绿色，两面均被微柔毛，背面及脉上更密，具掌状脉5—7条，背面隆起；叶柄长10—30厘米，被粘质长柔毛，顶端具2腺体；卷须上部2歧，幼时被微柔毛，后变无毛。雌雄同株；雄花：单生，花梗较叶柄长，与花萼、花冠均被微柔毛；花萼筒漏斗形，长2—3厘米，5裂，裂片狭三角形，长约5毫米；花冠黄色，5深裂，裂片皱曲，长3—4厘米，宽2—3厘米，先端微凹并具短尖头，具5脉；雄蕊3，花丝分离，长3—4毫米，花药长圆形，长8—10毫米，药室折曲；雌花：花梗略短于叶柄；花萼与花冠同雄花；子房长圆形，中间常缢缩，密被粘质长柔毛，柱头3，膨大，2裂。果实因栽培而变异很大，通常呈亚铃形，上部小而下部大，幼时被长柔毛，后变无毛，熟时淡绿黄色，果皮木质化，坚硬；种子多数，倒卵形或三角形，长7—20毫米，白色，先端截形或具2齿，稀圆形。花期夏季，果期秋季。
云南及全国各地栽培。世界热带和温带地区亦广泛栽培。
果实的木质外壳可作各种容器；果皮及种子入药，有利尿、消肿和散结之功效，用于水肿、腹水、颈淋巴结结核等症。

《云南植物志》|| 葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae nom. conserv. ||葫芦属 Lagenaria Ser. ||葫芦 (原变种) Lagenaria siceraria var. siceraria

1a.葫芦（原变种）图版91，1—6
苦瓠（神农本草经），壶卢、瓠瓜、匏瓜（本草纲目），蒲芦、蒲子（海南植物志）
var. siceraria
一年生攀援藤本。茎、枝具纵棱槽，被粘质长柔毛，后渐脱落，变近无毛。单叶互生，叶片纸质，卵状心形或肾状心形，长、宽均为10—40厘米，不分裂或3—5裂，先端钝圆或急尖，基部心形，弯缺阔而深，半圆形或近圆形，凹入1—1.5厘米，宽2—6厘米，边缘具不规则的锯齿，叶面绿色，背面淡绿色，两面均被微柔毛，背面及脉上更密，具掌状脉5—7条，背面隆起；叶柄长10—30厘米，被粘质长柔毛，顶端具2腺体；卷须上部2歧，幼时被微柔毛，后变无毛。雌雄同株；雄花：单生，花梗较叶柄长，与花萼、花冠均被微柔毛；花萼筒漏斗形，长2—3厘米，5裂，裂片狭三角形，长约5毫米；花冠黄色，5深裂，裂片皱曲，长3—4厘米，宽2—3厘米，先端微凹并具短尖头，具5脉；雄蕊3，花丝分离，长3—4毫米，花药长圆形，长8—10毫米，药室折曲；雌花：花梗略短于叶柄；花萼与花冠同雄花；子房长圆形，中间常缢缩，密被粘质长柔毛，柱头3，膨大，2裂。果实因栽培而变异很大，通常呈亚铃形，上部小而下部大，幼时被长柔毛，后变无毛，熟时淡绿黄色，果皮木质化，坚硬；种子多数，倒卵形或三角形，长7—20毫米，白色，先端截形或具2齿，稀圆形。 花期夏季，果期秋季。
云南及全国各地栽培。世界热带和温带地区亦广泛栽培。
果实的木质外壳可作各种容器；果皮及种子入药，有利尿、消肿和散结之功效，用于水肿、腹水、颈淋巴结结核等症。

《Flora of China》|| Cucurbitaceae || Lagenaria ||葫芦 Lagenaria siceraria

1. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 3: 435. 1930.

葫芦 hu lu

Cucurbita siceraria Molina, Sag. Stor. Nat. Chili, 133. 1782; Cucumis mairei H. Léveillé; Cucurbita lagenaria Linnaeus; C. leucantha Duchesne, nom. illeg. superfl.; Lagenaria leucantha Rusby; L. leucantha var. clavata Makino; L. leucantha var. depressa (Seringe) Makino; L. leucantha var. makinoi Nakai; L. leucantha var. microcarpa (Naudin) Nakai; L. microcarpa Naudin; L. siceraria var. depressa (Seringe) H. Hara; L. siceraria var. microcarpa (Naudin) H. Hara; L. vulgaris Seringe; L. vulgaris subsp. asiatica Kobjakova; L. vulgaris var. depressa Seringe; L. vulgaris var. microcarpa Matsumura & Nakai.

Plants annual. Stem and branches sulcate-angular, pubescent. Tendrils filiform, puberulent. Petiole 16-20 cm, with 2 glands at apex; leaf blade ovate-cordate or reniform-ovate, 10-35 × 10-35 cm, undivided or 3-5-lobed, both surfaces puberulent, palmately 5-7-veined, base cordate, margin irregularly dentate. Plants monoecious; flowers solitary. Male flowers: pedicels slender; calyx tube funnelform, ca. 2 cm; segments lanceolate, ca. 5 mm; corolla yellow; segments 3-4 × 2-3 cm; filaments 3-4 mm; anthers oblong, 8-10 mm. Female flowers: calyx segments and corolla as in male flowers; ovary densely pubescent; stigma enlarged, 2-lobed. Fruit various in size and shape, woody when mature. Seeds white, obovate or triangular, ca. 20 mm, apex truncate. Fl. summer, fr. autumn.

Commonly cultivated in China [cultivated in all warmer areas of the world].

The fruit is used as a vegetable when young; woody when mature, it is used as various vessels.

《Flora of North America》|| Cucurbitaceae || Lagenaria || Lagenaria siceraria

1. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 3: 435. 1930.
[F I]

Calabash, dipper or birdhouse or Hercules club or Italian edible gourd Calabash, dipper or birdhouse or Hercules club or Italian edible gourd

Cucurbita siceraria Molina, Sag. Stor. Nat. Chili, 133. 1782

Subspecies 2 (1 in the flora): introduced; Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands.

Lagenaria siceraria is broadly cultivated in Asia and locally in the United States for its young and tender fruits, which are eaten as a vegetable. Shells of the dried fruits are often used as water bottles and for making ladles, bowls, pipes, snuff boxes, floats, and horns and other musical instruments. Plants can be confidently identified by their relatively large, solitary, white flowers and pair of glands at the base of the leaf blade.

Subspecies asiatica (Kobiakova) Heiser is centered in Asia and the Pacific Islands and is morphologically and molecularly distinct from the primarily African subsp. siceraria. The former is characterized by leaves with sharply pointed triangular lobes and serrate margins, larger staminate flowers, and relatively longer seeds.

A wild population of bottle gourd was recently discovered in Zimbabwe, Africa (D. S. Decker et al. 2004), establishing the region of origin for Lagenaria siceraria. Compared to the modern wild bottle gourds, all of the archeological specimens have a distinctly thickened rind, reflecting a loss of natural seed dispersal ability, a significant marker of domestication.

The earliest archeological evidence for domestication of bottle gourd in Africa is from ca. 4000 bce. The earliest known archeological records from Asia are ca. 8000–9000 bce from China and Japan, and it is probable that initial domestication in Asia (the origin of subsp. asiatica) occurred perhaps as much as 2000–3000 years before that, even by 12,000–13,000 bce.

In the New World, domesticated bottle gourd had a broad distribution by at least 8000 bce (2700–8100 bce in eastern North America, 7200–10,000 bce in southern Mexico, and 8400 bce in Peru). All archeological rind fragments of American bottle gourds from pre-European samples are identical in DNA to Asian plants, rather than African ones, and seed morphology is congruent (D. L. Erikson et al. 2005). It seems clear that Asia was the source of the early introduction to the New World.

If the hypothesized time period for earliest Asian domestication of Lagenaria siceraria is correct, then the bottle gourd along with the dog were domesticated long before other plants and animals. D. L. Erikson et al. (2005) believed that both of these useful species crossed from Asia to North America with Paleoindian populations as they colonized the New World. Archeological records of bottle gourd in North America are of subsp. asiatica.

After multiple arrivals of Europeans in the New World, cultivars of African origin apparently spread rapidly, and, based on DNA analysis of modern New World races, today have almost completely replaced subsp. asiatica in the Western Hemisphere.