《中国植物志》|| 大戟科 EUPHORBIACEAE ||油桐属 Vernicia Lour. ||油桐 Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy-Shaw

1. 油桐 (种子植物名称) 桐油树，桐子树，罂子桐 (本草拾遗) ，荏桐 (本草衍 义) 图版34：5-6
Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 20：394. 1966；秦岭植物志1(3) ：170, 图146. 1981. ——Aleurites fordii Hemsl. in Hook. Ic. Pl. tt. 2801, 2802, 1906；钱崇澎, 中国森林植物志1: 图版35, 1937；陈嵘, 中国树木分类学607, 图503. 1937； 广州植物志274,图139. 1956；海南植物志2: 149. 1965；中国高等植物图鉴2: 596, 图 2921. 1972.
落叶乔木，高达10米；树皮灰色，近光滑；枝条粗壮，无毛，具明显皮孔。叶卵圆、 形，长8-18厘米，宽6-15厘米，顶端短尖，基部截平至浅心形，全缘，稀1-3浅裂，嫩叶上面被很快脱落微柔毛，下面被渐脱落棕褐色微柔毛，成长叶上面深绿色，无毛，下面灰绿色，被贴伏微柔毛；掌状脉5 (-7)条；叶柄与叶片近等长，几无毛，顶端有2枚扁平、无柄腺体。花雌雄同株，先叶或与叶同时开放；花萼长约1厘米，2(-3)裂，外面密被棕褐色微柔毛；花瓣白色，有淡红色脉纹，倒卵形，长2-3厘米，宽1-1.5厘米，顶端圆形，基部爪状；雄花：雄蕊8-12枚，2轮；外轮离生，内轮花丝中部以下合生；雌花：子房密被柔毛，3-5 (-8)室，每室有1颗胚珠，花柱与子房室同数，2裂。核果近球状，直径4-6 (-8)厘米，果皮光滑；种子3-4(-8) 颗，种皮木质。花期3-4月，果期8-9月。
产于陕西、河南、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、湖南、湖北、广东、海南、广西、四川、贵州、云南等省区。通常栽培于海拔1 000米以下丘陵山地。越南也有分布。模式标本采自湖北宜昌。
本种是我国重要的工业油料植物；桐油是我国的外贸商品；此外，其果皮可制活性炭或提取碳酸钾。

《云南植物志》|| 大戟科 Euphorbiaceae ||油桐属 Vernicia Lour. ||油桐 Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw

1. 油桐（种子植物名称）图版53: 5-6
桐油树、桐子树、罂子树（本草拾遗），荏桐（本草衍义），高脚桐（西畴），家桐（广南）
Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy Shaw (1966); 中国植物志* (1996); Govaerts; Frodin et Radcliffe-Smith (2000).
Aleurites fordii Hemsl. (1906), 图鉴 (1972)*.
落叶乔木，高可达25米。树皮灰色，近光滑；枝条粗壮，无毛，具明显皮孔。叶卵圆形，长8-20厘米，宽6-18厘米，先端渐尖，基部截平至心形，全缘，稀1-3浅裂；嫩叶红色，上面被微柔毛，但很快脱落，下面被棕褐色微柔毛，逐渐脱落，成长叶上面深绿色，无毛，下面灰绿色，被贴伏微柔毛；掌状脉5（-7）条；叶柄长为叶片的一半至近等长，几无毛，顶端有2枚扁平、无柄腺体。花雌雄同株，先叶或与叶同时开放；花萼长约1厘米，2（-3）裂，外面密被棕褐色微柔毛；花瓣白色，有淡红色脉纹，倒卵形，长2-3厘米，宽1-1.5厘米，顶端圆形，基部爪状；雄花：雄蕊8-12枚，2轮，外轮花丝离生，内轮花丝中部以下合生；雌花：子房密被柔毛，3-5（-8）室，每室有1颗胚珠，花柱与子房室同数，2裂。核果近球形，直径4-6（-8）厘米，果皮光滑；种子3-4（-8）颗，种皮木质。花期3-4月，果期8-9月。
产禄劝、昆明、易门、禄丰、双柏、蒙自、建水、砚山、西畴、广南、麻栗坡、金平、河口、屏边、勐腊、耿马、瑞丽、镇康、临沧、景东、凤庆、漾濞、泸水、贡山；生于海拔350-2000米的丘陵山地、公路及村寨旁。四川、贵州、广东、广西、海南、湖南、湖北、江西、陕西、河南、安徽、福建、江苏、浙江有栽培。越南也有。
本种是我国重要的工业油料植物，其果皮还可制活性炭和提取碳酸钾。

《Flora of North America》|| Euphorbiaceae || || Vernicia fordii

1. Vernicia fordii (Hemsley) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20: 394. 1967.
[F I W]

Tung-oil tree Tung-oil tree

Aleurites fordii Hemsley, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 120. 1906

Trees, to 10[–20] m. Leaves: stipules 4–12 mm; petiole 6–22 cm, with pair of round, sessile, cushion-shaped glands at apex; blade broadly ovate or triangular-ovate, 10–25 × 8–20 cm, usually unlobed, sometimes shallowly 3-lobed, base cordate, truncate, or rounded, apex acuminate, both surfaces moderately to sparsely hairy, hairs appressed. Inflorescences 6–15 × 6–20 cm, often branching from near base, branches to 15 cm. Pedicels 1–2 cm. Staminate flowers: sepals green to purplish, 10–12 mm; petals white or pale pink with dark pink to red veins proximally, sometimes yellow basally, obovate, 25–35(–40) × 15–20 mm, narrowed at base; nectary glands awl-shaped to strap-shaped; stamens in outer whorl 8 mm, in inner whorl 13 mm, connate 1/2–2/3 length. Pistillate flowers: sepals and petals as in staminate flowers; ovary hairy. Capsules subglobose, 4–6 cm diam., smooth, glabrous or glabrate, short stipitate, apex apiculate. Seeds 2.5–3 × 2 cm, surface warty, ridged. 2n = 22 (China).

Flowering Mar–Apr; fruiting Apr–Aug. Wood and field margins, abandoned fields, roadsides, disturbed woods; 0–150 m; introduced; Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N.C., S.C., Tex.; se Asia; introduced also in Australia.

Vernicia fordii was cultivated for its seed oil in plantations along the Gulf coast from Florida to Texas from the 1920s to the 1960s. Although no longer commercially cultivated in the southeastern United States, it is naturalized there and is now listed as an invasive weed in Florida. All parts of the plant are poisonous; seeds have strong purgative properties and may cause poisoning if eaten.

《Flora of China》|| Euphorbiaceae || Vernicia ||油桐 Vernicia fordii

1. Vernicia fordii (Hemsley) Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. 20: 394. 1966.

油桐 you tong

Aleurites fordii Hemsley, Hooker’s Icon. Pl. 29: t. 2801, 2802. 1906.

Trees deciduous, up to 10 m tall, monoecious; bark gray, nearly smooth; branches verticillate, stout, glabrous, prominently lenticellate. Petiole as long as leaf blade, glabrescent, with 2 compressed and sessile glands; leaf blade ovate, 5-18 × 3-15 cm, puberulent when young, dark green and glabrous adaxially, gray-green and pubescent abaxially at maturity, base truncate to shallowly cordate, margin entire, rarely shallowly 1-3-fid, apex acute; palmate veins 5(-7). Inflorescences flat-topped panicles of cymes, appearing generally before new leaves, usually bisexual; calyx ca. 10 mm, 2(or 3)-fid, densely brown puberulent outside; petals obovate, 2-3 × 1-1.5 cm, yellow at base, pink to purplish, pink-veined, base clawed, apex rounded; stamens 8-12; outer filaments free, inner filaments connate to below middle; ovary 3-5(-8)-locular, pubescent; styles 3-5(-8), bifid. Drupe subglobose, 4-6(-8) cm in diam.; exocarp smooth, not grooved, 3- or 4(-8)-seeded. Seed coat woody. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. Aug-Nov.

Open forests; 200-1500(-2000) m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam; cultivated in the Old and New Worlds].

This species is usually cultivated on slopes below 800 m.