《中国植物志》|| 冬青科 AQUIFOLIACEAE ||聚伞花冬青系 Ser. 1. Chinenses S. Y. Hu ||冬青 Ilex chinensis Sims

20．冬青（图经本草）图版6: 1-5
Ilex chinensis Sims in Bot. Mag. 46: pl. 2043. 1819; Lindl. in Donn, Hort. Cantab. ed. 10, 52. 1823; DC. Prodr. 2: 14. 1825; P. N. Don in Donn, Hort. Cantab. ed. 13. 83. 1845; Maxim. in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. VII, 29 (3) : 40. 1881; Forbes & Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 115. 1886; Loes. in Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 78: 495 (Monog. Aquif. 1: 495) . 1901; S. Y. Hu in Journ. Arn. Arb. 30 (3) : 299. 1949;海南植物志2: 425, 1965;中国高等植物图鉴2: 645,图30192, 1972. ——Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bog. Alt. 230. 1844; Loes. in Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 78: 111 (Monog. Aquif. 1: 111) . 1901; Rehd in Jour. Arn. Arb. 8: 156. 1927, et 14: 239. 1933; Hand.-Mzt. Symb. Sin. 7: 655. 1933; C. J. Tseng in Act. Phytotax. Sin. 16 (4) : 120. 1978; C. Z. Zheng in Journ. Hangzhou Univ. 10 (1) : 106. 1983; 湖北植物志2: 412.图1334. 1979; 贵州植物志2: 331. 1985; 云南植物志 4: 221. 1986; 福建植物志3: 259, 图175. 1987; 河南植物志2: 508; 图1429. 1988; 四川植物志4: 206.图版56: 1-6. 1988;湖北植物大全282. 1993. ——Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Ludg.-Bat. 3: 105. 1867, et Cat. Mus. Bot. Ludg.-Bat. 19, 167. 1870; Franch. & Sab. Enum. Pl. Jap. 1: 77. 1873; Maxim. in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. VII, 29 (3) : 25., 38, pl. 1, fig. 4. 1881; Forbes & Hemsl. in Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 117. 1886; Dunn & Tutcher in Kew Bull. Add. Ser. 10: 60. 1912; Chung in Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1: 141. 1924; Belval in Mus. Heud. Not. Bot. Chin. 2: 21. 1933. ——Blume ex Miq. Cat. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 167. 1870, nom, nud. ——(Miq.) Loes. ex Diels in Bot. Jahrb. 29: 435. 1900, nom. nud.; Loes. in Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 78: 112 (Monog. Aquif. 1: 112) . 1901, et in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 1: 76. 1911; Chung in Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1: 141. 1924; Chen, Ill. Man. Chinese Trees 655, fig. 546. 1937.——Levl. in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 13: 263. 1914, et Fl. Kouy-Tcheou 439. 1915. ——Levl. in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 9: 455. 1911. ——Levl. in Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 13: 263. 1914. ——Symplocos courtoisii Levl. in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Art. Barc. III. 12: 256 (Cat. Pl. Kiangsou 22) . 1916. ——Kaempf. Ic. Sel. Pl. ed. Banks, pl. 35. 1791. ——C. J. Tseng in Bull. Bot. Res. 1 (1-2) : 8-9. 1981, syn, nov.
常绿乔木，高达13米；树皮灰黑色，当年生小枝浅灰色，圆柱形，具细棱；二至多年生枝具不明显的小皮孔，叶痕新月形，凸起。叶片薄革质至革质，椭圆形或披针形，稀卵形，长5-11厘米，宽2-4厘米，先端渐尖，基部楔形或钝，边缘具圆齿，或有时在幼叶为锯齿，叶面绿色，有光泽，干时深褐色，背面淡绿色，主脉在叶面平，背面隆起，侧脉6-9对，在叶面不明显，叶背明显，无毛，或有时在雄株幼枝顶芽、幼叶叶柄及主脉上有长柔毛；叶柄长8-10毫米，上面平或有时具窄沟。雄花：花序具3-4回分枝，总花梗长7-14毫米，二级轴长2-5毫米，花梗长2毫米，无毛，每分 枝具花7-24朵；花淡紫色或紫红色，4-5基数；花萼浅杯状，裂片阔卵状三角形，具缘毛；花冠辐状，直径约5毫米，花瓣卵形，长2.5毫米，宽约2毫米，开放时反折，基部稍合生；雄蕊短于花瓣，长1.5毫米，花药椭圆形；退化子房圆锥状，长不足1毫米；雌花：花序具1-2回分枝，具花3-7朵，总花梗长约3-10毫米，扁，二级轴发育不好；花梗长6-10毫米；花萼和花瓣同雄花，退化雄蕊长约为花瓣的1/2，败育花药心形；子房卵球形，柱头具不明显的4-5裂，厚盘形。果长球形，成熟时红色，长10-12毫米，直径6-8毫米；分核4-5，狭披针形，长9-11毫米，宽约2.5毫米，背面平滑，凹形，断面呈三棱形，内果皮厚革质。花期4-6月，果期7-12月。
产于江苏（溧阳、苏州、宜兴、南京、无锡）、安徽（歙县、舒城、黄山、右平）、浙江（建德、奉化、泰顺、开化、寿昌、天台、瑞安、杭州、天目山）、江西（南昌、庐山、萍乡、南丰、德兴、全南、兴旺、铅山、通达、庆昌、广丰、石城、吉安、安远、浮梁、寻乌、玉山、安福、奉新、广昌、永修、贵溪）、福建（崇安、仙游、连城、沙县）、台湾、河南（信阳、新县）、湖北（巴东、利川、兴山、宣恩、鹤丰、建始、武汉）、湖南（洞口、黔阳、长沙、武岗、新宁、花垣、保靖、宜章）、广东（阳山、乐昌、乳源）、广西（兴安、桂林、临桂、灵川、恭城、全州、大瑶山、藤县和乐业）和云南（腾冲）等省区；生于海拔500-1000米的山坡常绿阔叶林中和林缘。
Sims (1819)描述I. chinensis的模式为图pl. 2043 (in Bot. Mag. 46: 1819.) , 画自Malcolm及Sweet两氏的苗圃中一株引自中国的植物；雄株植物叶片主脉具长柔毛，而I. purpurea和I. oldhami据描述叶片秃净。在我们查阅的大量标本中，有些标本（多为具雄花者）幼叶主脉具长柔毛，而成熟叶则变为秃净，如H. Muroi 2481 (H) , Mr. Dunn's expedition to Central Fokien (H) 和Y. Tsiang 6603 (PE) 等。因此我们认为I. chinensis、I. purpurea和I. oldhami所描述的均为同一种植物，同意胡秀英将I. chinensis作为这一植物最早的合法名称。
井岗山冬青I. jingganshanensis原记载以幼枝，主脉于叶片上及果梗等均被短柔毛，果实球形，较小，干时有棱沟而别。此未逾冬青的变异幅度，故将其作为异名处理。
本种为我国常见的庭园观赏树种；木材坚韧，供细工原料，用于制玩具、雕刻品、工具柄、刷背和木梳等；树皮及种子供药用，为强壮剂，且有较强的抑菌和杀菌作用；叶有清热利湿、消肿镇痛之功效，用于肺炎、急性咽喉炎症、痢疾、胆道感染、外治烧伤、下肢溃疡、皮炎、湿疹、脚手皮裂等。根亦可入药，味苦，性凉，有抗菌、清热解毒消炎的功能，用于上呼吸道感染、慢性支气管炎、痢疾，外治烧伤烫伤、冻疮、乳腺炎。树皮含鞋质，可提制栲胶。

《Flora of China》|| Aquifoliaceae || Ilex ||冬青 Ilex chinensis

19. Ilex chinensis Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2043. 1819.

冬青 dong qing

Callicarpa cavaleriei H. Léveillé; Celastrus bodinieri H. Léveillé; Embelia rubroviolacea H. Léveillé; Ilex jinggangshanensis C. J. Tseng; I. myriadenia Hance; I. oldhamii Miquel; I. purpurea Hasskarl; I. purpurea var. myriadenia (Hance) Loesener; I. purpurea f. oldhamii (Miquel) Loesener; I. purpurea var. oldhamii (Miquel) Loesener.

Trees evergreen, to 15 m tall; bark gray-black. Current year’s branchlets gray, terete, thinly angular; older branchlets glabrous, with crescent-shaped, convex leaf scars; lenticels obscure, small. Plants glabrous, or sometimes villous on terminal buds, petioles, and adaxial midvein of young leaves of male plant. Petiole 8-10 mm, flat or narrowly sulcate adaxially; leaf blade deep brown, shiny when dry adaxially, elliptic or lanceolate, rarely ovate, 5-11 × 2-4 cm, thinly leathery to leathery, glabrous, rarely adaxially pilose on midvein when young, midvein flat adaxially, lateral veins 6-9 pairs, distinct abaxially, obscure adaxially, base cuneate or obtuse, margin crenate, or sometimes young leaf serrate, apex acuminate, acumen 5-10 mm. Inflorescences: cymes, solitary, axillary on current year’s branchlets, glabrous. Male inflorescences: cymes of order 3-5, 7-24-flowered; peduncles 7-14 mm; secondary axis 2-5 mm; pedicels ca. 2 mm, glabrous; flowers purplish or purple-red, 4- or 5-merous; calyx shallowly cup-shaped, lobes broadly deltoid, ciliate; corolla rotate, ca. 5 mm in diam., petals reflexed at anthesis, ca. 2.5 × 2 mm, basally slightly connate; stamens shorter than petals, anthers elliptic; rudimentary ovary conical, inferior to 1 mm. Female inflorescences: cymes of order 2 or 3, 3-7-flowered; peduncles 3-10 mm, compressed; secondary axis poorly developed; pedicels 6-10 mm; calyx and corolla as in male flowers; staminodes ca. 1/2 as long as petals, sterile anthers cordate; ovary ovoid, stigma thickly discoid, inconspicuously 4- or 5-lobed. Fruit red, narrowly globose, 1-1.2 cm, 6-8 mm in diam.; pyrenes 4 or 5, narrowly lanceolate, 9-10 mm, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., abaxially smooth, concave, trigonous in cross section, endocarp thickly leathery. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Jul-Dec.

Evergreen broad-leaved forests, forest margins on mountain slopes; sea level to 2000 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].