《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||款冬属 Tussilago L. ||款冬 Tussilago farfara L.

1.款冬（神农本草经）款冬花，冬花，虎须，九尽草（青海）
Tussilago farfara L. Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753; DC. Prodr. 5: 208. 1838; C. B. Clarke, Comp. Ind. 166. 1876; Hand. -Mazz. Symb, Sin. 7: 1117. 1936; S. Y.鞋Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 22: 16. 1969;中国高等植物图鉴4: 547.图6507. 1975; 内蒙古植物志6: 159. 1982; 秦岭植物志1(5): 280. 1985; 西藏植物志4: 796. 349. 1985; 黄土高原植物志5: 329. 1989; 贵州植物志9: 215. 1989; 横断山区维管植物下册: 2087. 1994; 青海植物志3: 414. 1996.
多年生草本。根状茎横生地下，褐色。早春花叶抽出数个花葶，高5-10厘米，密被白色茸毛，有鳞片状，互生的苞叶，苞叶淡紫色。头状花序单生顶端，直径2.5-3厘米，初时直立，花后下垂；总苞片1-2层，总苞钟状，结果时长15-18毫米，总苞片线形，顶端钝，常带紫色，被白色柔毛及脱毛，有时具黑色腺毛；边缘有多层雌花，花冠舌状，黄色，子房下位；柱头2裂；中央的两性花少数，花冠管状，顶端5裂；花药基部尾状；柱头头状，通常不结实。瘦果圆柱形，长3-4毫米；冠毛白色，长10-15毫米。后生出基生叶阔心形，具长叶柄，叶片长3-12厘米，宽4-14-厘米，边缘有波状，顶端增厚的疏齿，掌状网脉，下面被密白色茸毛；叶柄长5-15厘米，被白色棉毛。
产东北、华北、华东、西北和湖北、湖南、江西、贵州、云南、西藏。常生于山谷湿地或林下。印度、伊朗、巴基斯坦、俄罗斯、西欧和北非也有分布。
花蕾及叶入药，性辛，甘，温，有止咳、润肺、化痰之功效。也为蜜海植物。各地药圃广泛栽培。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||款冬属 Tussilago L. ||款冬 Tussilago farfara L.

1. 款冬 (神农本草经)
款冬花、冬花
Tussilago farfara L. (1753); 图鉴 (1975)*; 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 横断山区维管植物 (1994); 中国植物志 (1999).
多年生草本，高5-15厘米。根状茎粗，横走。花茎数个，直立，密被白色绒毛，具鳞状苞片。叶宽心形或心状三角形，长6-9厘米，宽达15厘米，先端钝，边缘有波状齿，基部心形；叶脉掌状，主脉5-7条；叶面深绿色，无毛，下面较淡，密被白色绒毛；叶柄与叶片等长或稍短，被白色绒毛。头状花序单生茎端；总苞钟形，长达18毫米；总苞片2层，线状披针形，背面被白色柔毛。舌状花黄色，舌片线形，长8-10毫米，管部长3-4毫米；管状花多数，长4-5毫米。瘦果圆柱形，褐色，长3-4毫米，无毛；冠毛白色，长10-15毫米。花果期3-5月。
产中甸、丽江、鹤庆；生于海拔3000-3400米的林下、灌丛。分布全国。亚洲、欧洲及北非洲也有。

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Tussilago ||款冬 Tussilago farfara

1. Tussilago farfara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753.

款冬 kuan dong

Plants perennial. Rhizomes long creeping, subterranean, brown. Fruiting stems 5-10 cm tall, densely white lanate, with scale-shaped alternate purple-violet bracteate leaves. Basal leaves appearing after anthesis, long petiolate; petiole 5-15 cm, white lanate; blade orbicular-cordate, 3-12 × 3-14 cm, abaxially densely white tomentose, palmately reticulate veined, margin undulate, unequally toothed. Capitula solitary, terminal, 2.5-3 cm in diam., nodding (or drooping) before and after anthesis. Involucres campanulate, 1.5-1.8 cm at fruiting; phyllaries 1- or 2-seriate, linear, white villous, glabrate, sometimes black glandular hairy, apically obtuse, often purple tinged. Ray florets female, many seriate, yellow, radiate; stigma 2-fid. Disk florets few, functionally male; corolla tubular, 5-lobed; anthers sagittate at base; stigma capitate, usually sterile. Achenes cylindric, 3-4 mm. Pappus white, 1-1.5 cm.

Wet places, forest understories, valleys; 600-3400 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia; N Africa, SW Asia, W Europe].

The immature capitula and leaves of Tussilago farfara are used medicinally for relieving coughs and improving breathing; the plants are also used as honey plants and are widely cultivated in medicinal gardens in China.

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Tussilago || Tussilago farfara

1. Tussilago farfara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 865. 1753.

Coltsfoot

Basal leaves: blades palmately 5–12-lobed or -angled, mostly 5–20+ × 5–20+ cm, margins irregularly denticulate. Cauline leaves mostly 5–25 mm. Calyculi: bractlets 5–15 mm. Phyllaries mostly 7–15 mm. Ray corollas: laminae (2–)4–10 mm. Disc corollas 10–12 mm. Cypselae 3–4 mm; pappi 8–12 mm, ± surpassing involucres. 2n = 60.

Flowering spring–summer. Disturbed sites, sandy or rocky soils, calcareous sites; 0–800 m; introduced; Saint-Pierre and Miquelon; B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Conn., Ill., Ind., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Eurasia.

Flowering heads of Tussilago farfara close at night (laminae of ray corollas arch and roll inward). The species is becoming an invasive weed in some areas.