《中国植物志》|| 十字花科 CRUCIFERAE ||芸苔属 Brassica L. ||芜青 Brassica rapa L.

6. 芜青（名医别录） 蔓青（唐本草）、变萝卜（北京）、圆根（云南、西藏） 图版3：1-5
Brassica rapa L. Sp. Pl. 666. 1753; L. H. Bailey in Gent. Herb. 1: 85. f. 333. 1922 et 2: 240. f. 125. 1930; T. Y. Cheo l. c. 181. 1948; 广州植物志 113. 1956; 江苏南部种子植物手册 315. 图 499. 1959; 北京植物志上册, 331. 图275. 1962; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 32. 图 1793. 1972; 秦岭植物志l. c. 396. 1974; 内蒙古植物志l. c. 333. 图版175. 1978——B. campestris L. var. rapa (L.) Hartm. Handb. Skand. Fl. ed. 1. 110. 1854; O. E. Schulz in Engl. , Pflanzenr. 70 (4. 105): 49. 1919.
二年生草本，高达100厘米；块根肉质，球形、扁圆形或长圆形，外皮白色、黄色或红色，根肉质白色或黄色，无辣味；茎直立，有分枝，下部稍有毛，上部无毛。基生叶大头羽裂或为复叶，长20-34厘米，顶裂片或小叶很大，边缘波状或浅裂，侧裂片或小叶约5对，向下渐变小，上面有少数散生刺毛，下面有白色尖锐刺毛；叶柄长10-16厘米，有小裂片；中部及上部茎生叶长圆披针形，长3-12厘米，无毛，带粉霜，基部宽心形，至少半抱茎，无柄。总状花序顶生；花直径4-5毫米；花梗长10-15毫米；萼片长圆形，长4-6毫米；花瓣鲜黄色，倒披针形，长4-8毫米，有短爪。长角果线形，长3.5-8厘米，果瓣具1显明中脉；喙长10-20毫米；果梗长达3厘米。种子球形，直径约1.8毫米，浅黄棕色，近种脐处黑色，有细网状窠穴。花期3-4月，果期5-6月。
各地栽培。模式标本采自欧洲。
块根熟食或用来泡酸菜，或作饲料。高寒山区用以代粮。

《云南植物志》|| Cruciferae nom. conserv ||芸苔属 Brassica L. ||芜菁 Brassica rapa L.

5.芜菁（名医别录）图版2，1—3
蔓菁（唐本草），圆根（云南、西藏）
Brassica rapa L. (1753), s. l.; Bailey (1922)*, (1930)*; Cheo (1948); 广州植物志 (1956); 江苏南部种子植物手册 (1959)*; 北京植物志 (1962)*; "图鉴" (1972)*; 秦岭植物志 (1974); 内蒙古植物志 (1978)*; C. Y. Wu (1984); K. C. Kuan (1985), 中国植物志 (1987); X. L. Yang (1988).
Brassica campestris L. var. rapa (L.) Hartm. (1854); O. E. Schulz in Engl. (1919)*.
二年生草本，高达1米。块根肉质，球形、扁圆球形或长圆球形，外皮白色、黄色或红色，根肉质白色或黄色，无辣味。茎直立，有分枝，下部略被毛，上部无毛。基生叶叶片大头羽裂或为复叶，长20—34厘米，顶裂片或小叶很大，边缘波状或浅裂，侧裂片或小叶约5对，向下渐变小，叶片上面散生少数刺毛，下面有白色尖锐刺毛，叶柄长10—16厘米，有小裂片；下部及中部茎生叶无柄，长圆状披针形，长3—12厘米，羽裂至近全缘，无毛，带粉霜，基部宽心形，至少半抱茎。总状花序顶生；花直径4—5毫米；花梗长10—15毫米；萼片长圆形，长4—6毫米；花瓣鲜黄色，倒披针形，长4—8毫米，有短爪。长角果线形，长3.5—8厘米，果瓣具1明显的中脉，喙长10—20毫米；果梗长达3厘米；种子圆球形，直径约1.8毫米，浅黄棕色，近种脐处黑色，有细网状穴。花期3—4月，果期5—6月。
云南各地尤以高寒山区广为栽培；我国各地有栽培。原产欧洲。
块根作蔬菜或代粮食用，也可作饲料。
欧洲学者常将本种并入 B. campestria L. 或作亚种 ssp. rapifera (Metzger) Sinskaja处理，而将 B. napus L. 并入。

《Flora of North America》|| Brassicaceae || Brassica || Brassica rapa

7. Brassica rapa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 666. 1753.

Bird-rape, wild-rape, rapeseed, canola, turnip, wild-turnip, turnip-rape, field-mustard

Brassica campestris Linnaeus; B. campestris var. oleifera de Candolle; B. chinensis Linnaeus; B. pekinensis (Loureiro) Ruprecht; B. rapa subsp. chinensis (Linnaeus) Hanelt; B. rapa subsp. pekinensis (Loureiro) Hanelt; Sinapis pekinensis Loureiro

Annuals or biennials; (roots fleshy or slender); (green to slightly glaucous), glabrous or sparsely hairy. Stems unbranched or branched distally, 3-10 dm. Basal leaves: petiole (winged), (1-)2-10(-17) cm; blade ± lyrate-pinnatifid to pinnate to pinnatisect, (5-)10-40(-60) cm × 30-100(-200) mm, (margins sinuate-dentate, sometimes ciliate), lobes 2-4(-6) each side, (terminal lobe oblong-obovate, obtuse, large, blade surfaces usually setose). Cauline leaves (middle and distal) sessile; base auriculate to amplexicaul, (margins subentire). Racemes not paniculately branched, (with open flowers overtopping or equal to buds). Fruiting pedicels ascending to spreading, (5-)10-25(-30) mm. Flowers: sepals (3-)4-6.5(-8) × 1.5-2 mm; petals deep yellow to yellow, obovate, 6-11(-13) × (2.5-)3-6(-7) mm, claw 3-7 mm, apex rounded; filaments 4-6(-7) mm; anthers 1.5-2 mm. Fruits ascending to somewhat spreading, torulose, terete, (2-)3-8(-11) cm × 2-4(-5) mm; valvular segment with 8-15 seeds per locule, (1.3-)2-5(-7.5) cm, terminal segment seedless, 8-22 mm. Seeds black, brown, or reddish, 1.1-2 mm diam.; seed coat very finely reticulate-lightly alveolate, not mucilaginous when wetted. 2n = 20.

Flowering Apr-Sep. Roadsides, disturbed areas and waste places, cultivated fields, grain fields, orchards, gardens; 0-1500 m; introduced; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; Asia; Africa; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Atlantic Islands, Australia.

Brassica rapa is widely cultivated as an oil crop and vegetable, and cultivars, especially in Asia, have been recognized as species, subspecies, and varieties. The most important crops include: rapeseed or canola, turnip (subsp. rapa), Chinese mustard or pakchoi [subsp. chinensis (Linnaeus) Hanelt], and Chinese cabbage or petsai [subsp. pekinensis (Loureiro) Hanelt]. The species is also a widespread naturalized weed [subsp. sylvestris (Linnaeus) Janchen] throughout temperate North America and elsewhere. It is self-incompatible. Hybridization in the field in Europe has been described between B. napus and B. rapa (R. B. Jørgensen and B. Andersen 1994).

《Flora of China》|| Brassicaceae || Brassica ||蔓菁 Brassica rapa

2. Brassica rapa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 666. 1753.

蔓菁 man jing

Herbs annual or biennial, 30-120(-190) cm tall, glabrous or sparsely pubescent basally, rarely glaucous, sometimes with fleshy taproots. Stems erect, simple or branched above. Basal and lowermost cauline leaves petiolate, not rosulate or obscurely to strongly rosulate and forming a compact, oblong head; petiole (1-)2-10(-17) cm, slender or thickened and fleshy, sometimes strongly winged; leaf blade ovate, oblong, or lanceolate in outline, (5-)10-40(-60) × 3-10(-20) cm, margin entire, repand, dentate, or sinuate, sometimes pinnatifid or pinnatisect and with a large terminal lobe and smaller, 1-6, oblong or ovate lateral lobes on each side of midvein. Upper cauline leaves sessile, ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 2-8(-12) × 0.8-3 cm, base amplexicaul, deeply cordate, or auriculate, margin entire or repand. Fruiting pedicels, straight, ascending or divaricate, (0.5-)1-2.5(-3) cm. Sepals oblong, (3-)4-6.5(-8) × 1.5-2 mm, ascending. Petals bright yellow, rarely pale or whitish yellow, 7-10(-13) × (2.5-)3-6(-7) mm, obovate, apex rounded. Filaments 4-6(-7) mm; anthers oblong, 1.5-2 mm. Fruit linear, (2-)3-8(-11) cm × 2-4(-5) mm, terete, sessile, divaricate or ascending; valvular segment (1.3-)2-5(-7.5) cm, 8-15-seeded per locule, valves with a prominent midvein; terminal segment conical, (0.3-)1-2.5(-3.5) cm, seedless or rarely 1-seeded; style obsolete. Seeds dark or reddish brown, globose, 1-1.8 mm in diam., minutely reticulate. Fl. Mar-Jun, fr. Apr-Jul. 2n = 20*.

Cultivated. Throughout China [widely cultivated and naturalized elsewhere].

Both Brassica campestris and B. rapa were simultaneously described by Linnaeus (Sp. Pl. 2: 666. 1753). Johann Metzger (Systematische Beschreibung der kultivirten Kohlarten. 68 pp. Heidelberg. 1833), who was the first to unite the two species, adopted B. rapa for the combined species, and therefore this name has priority (St. Louis Code, Art. 11.5). Except for being an annual with nonfleshy taproots, B. campestris is absolutely indistinguishable from the biennial B. rapa with fleshy taproots. In fact, plants of B. rapa that escape from cultivation fail to produce fleshy roots. Therefore, B. campestris deserves no higher than a varietal rank of B. rapa, and it is here reduced to synonymy under var. oleifera.

Forms with 3- or 4-valved fruit have been recognized as Brassica trilocularis Roxburgh and B. quadrivalvis J. D. Hooker & Thomson, respectively. They were treated by Jafri (Fl. W. Pakistan 55: 24. 1973) as subspecies of B. napus, but both have 2n = 20, and therefore they should be recognized as a variety of B. rapa. Of the six varieties recognized in B. rapa, the following four are grown and naturalized in China.