《中国植物志》|| 蔷薇科 ROSACEAE ||宿萼大叶系 Ser. Cinnamomeae Yu et Ku ||玫瑰 Rosa rugosa Thunb.

33.玫瑰（群芳谱）
Rosa rugosa Thunb. Fl. Jap. 213. 1784; Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Kor. 7: 34. t. 7. 1918; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 5:204. 1924; 东北木本植物图志313. 图版108. 图226.1955; 东北植物检索表154. 图版48. 图5. 1959; 江苏南部种子植物手册358. 1959; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 540. 1965;中国高等植物图鉴2: 247.图2223. 1972;秦岭植物志1(2), 567.1974;内蒙古植物志3: 59. 图版30. 图1-4. 1977,——R. ferox Lawrance Coll. Roses,t. 42. 1799. ——R. pubescens Baker in Willmott, Gen. Ros. 2: 499. 1914. non Roxburgh 18332, nec Schneider 1861, nec Leman. 1818.
直立灌木，高可达2米；茎粗壮，丛生；小枝密被绒毛，并有针刺和腺毛，有直立或弯 曲、淡黄色的皮刺，皮刺外被绒毛。小叶5-9，连叶柄长5-13厘米；小叶片椭圆形或椭圆状倒卵形，长1.5-4.5厘米，宽1-2.5厘米，先端急尖或圆钝，基部圆形或宽楔形，边缘有尖锐锯齿，上面深绿色，无毛，叶脉下陷，有褶皱，下面灰绿色，中脉突起，网脉明显，密被绒毛和腺毛，有时腺毛不明显；叶柄和叶轴密被绒毛和腺毛；托叶大部贴生于叶柄，离生部分卵形，边缘有带腺锯齿，下面被绒毛。花单生于叶腋，或数朵簇生，苞片卵形，边缘有腺毛，外被绒毛；花梗长5 -22 5毫米，密被绒毛和腺毛；花直径4-5.5厘米；萼片卵状披针形，先端尾状渐尖，常有羽状裂片而扩展成叶状，上面有稀疏柔毛，下面密被柔毛和腺毛；花瓣倒卵形，重瓣至半重瓣，芳香，紫红色至白色；花柱离生，被毛，稍伸出萼筒口外，比雄蕊短很多。果扁球形，直径2-2.5厘米，砖红色，肉质，平滑，萼片宿存。花期5-6月，果期8-9月。
原产我国华北以及日本和朝鲜。我国各地均有栽培。园艺品种很多，有粉红单瓣 R. rugosa Thunb. f. rosea Rehd. 、白花单瓣f. alba (Ware）Rehd. ,紫花重瓣f. plena (Regel）Byhouwer、白花重瓣f. albo-plena Rehd.等供观赏用。
鲜花可以蒸制芳香油，油的主要成分为左旋香芳醇，含量最高可达千分之六，供食用及化妆品用，花瓣可以制饼馅、玫瑰酒、玫瑰糖浆，干制后可以泡茶，花蕾入药治肝、胃气痛、胸腹胀满和月经不调。果实含丰富的维生素C、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、枸橼酸、苹果酸及胡萝卜素等。种子含油约14%。

《云南植物志》|| 蔷薇科 Rosaceae ||蔷薇属 Rosa L. ||玫瑰 Rosa rugosa Thunb.

8.玫瑰（群芳谱）
Rosa rugosa Thunb. (1784); Nakai (1918); Rehd. (1924); Boynton (1931)*; Kitag. (1939); 图鉴 (1972)*; 云南种子植物名录 (1974); 中国植物志 (1985); Flora of China (2003).
Rosa ferox Lawr. (1799); R. pubescens Kaker (1914).
直立灌木，高达2.5米。茎粗壮，丛生；小枝密被绒毛，并有针刺和腺毛，具直立或弯曲、淡黄色的皮刺，皮刺被绒毛。小叶5-9枚，连叶柄长5-13厘米；小叶片椭圆形或椭圆状倒卵形，长1.5-4.5厘米，宽1-2.5厘米，先端急尖或钝圆，基部圆形或宽楔形，边缘有尖锐锯齿，上面深绿色，无毛，叶脉下凹，有褶皱，背面灰绿色，中脉突起，网脉明显，密被绒毛和腺毛，有时腺毛不明显；叶柄和叶轴密被绒毛和腺毛；托叶大部贴生于叶柄，离生部分卵形，边缘有具腺锯齿，背面被绒毛。花单生于叶腋，或数朵簇生；苞片卵形，边缘具腺毛，外面被绒毛；花梗长5-25毫米，密被绒毛和腺毛；花直径4-5.5厘米；萼片卵状披针形，先端尾状渐尖，常有羽状裂片而扩展成叶状，上面有稀疏柔毛，背面密被柔毛和腺毛；花瓣倒卵形，重瓣至半重瓣，芳香，紫红色至白色；花柱离生，被毛，稍伸出萼筒口外，比雄蕊短很多。果扁球形，直径2-2.5厘米，红黄色或土红色，肉质，平滑，萼片宿存。花期5-6月，果期8-9月。
本种原产我国华北以及日本、朝鲜。云南及全国各地均有栽培。园艺品种甚多。为园艺界一类精品。
鲜花可蒸制芳香油，油的主要成分为左旋芳香醇，含量最高可达6‰。供食用及化妆品用，花瓣可制饼馅、玫瑰酒、玫瑰糖浆，干制后可泡茶，花蕾入药治肝、胃气痛，胸腹胀痛和月经不调。果实含丰富的维生素C，葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、枸橼酸、苹果酸及胡萝卜素等。种子含油量14%。

《Flora of North America》|| Rosaceae || Rosa || Rosa rugosa

17. Rosa rugosa Thunberg in J. A. Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 14. 473. 1784.

Japanese, rugose, or Sitka rose, rosier rugueux

Shrubs, forming thickets. Stems erect, sometimes arching, 10–25 dm, densely branched; bark greenish white when young, purplish black with age, densely tomentose or puberulent; infrastipular prickles paired, erect, stout, subulate, 10 × 4 mm, ˂base pubescent˃, internodal prickles similar, densely mixed with aciculi and stipitate glands. Leaves 7–11 cm; stipules 20–30 × 4–7 mm, auricles flared, 4–6 mm, margins entire or unevenly serrate, sessile-glandular, surfaces ˂rugose˃, glabrous or pubescent, glandular; petiole and rachis with pricklets ˂usually curved, subequal˃, pubescent, usually sparsely glandular; leaflets 5–9, terminal: petiolule 8–18 mm, blade widely elliptic to ovate, rarely obovate, 20–55 × 10–35 mm, leathery, ˂rugose˃, base cuneate to obtuse, margins usually 1-crenate-serrate, ˂eglandular, sometimes gland-tipped˃, teeth 11–17 per side, sometimes gland-tipped, apex obtuse to acute, abaxial surfaces gray-green, ˂deeply veined˃, pubescent, eglandular, adaxial dark green, lustrous, ˂rugose˃, glabrous. Inflorescences corymbs, 1(–4)-flowered. Pedicels erect, sometimes reflexed (as hip matures), stout, 10–15(–30) mm, pubescent, sometimes setose, sparsely sessile- or stipitate-glandular; bracts 2, ovate-lanceolate, 12(–15) × 2(–5) mm, margins entire with few hairs, eglandular or gland-tipped, surfaces pubescent, glandular. Flowers 6–9 cm diam.; hypanthium depressed-globose, 6–8 × 5–6 mm, glabrous, sometimes setose overall or only in neck area, eglandular, rarely glandular, neck 1–2 × 4–5 mm; sepals erect, ovate-lanceolate, 20–37 × 4–6 mm, tip 4–5 × 1–2 mm, margins entire, rarely pinnatifid, ˂tomentose, glandular˃, abaxial surfaces pubescent, sessile- and stipitate-glandular, often setose; petals single, sometimes double (cultivars), purplish pink or white, 35–50 × 30–45 mm; carpels 48–60, styles exsert 1–2 mm beyond stylar orifice of hypanthial disc (5–10 mm diam.). Hips scarlet, depressed-globose, 18–20 × 20–25 mm, leathery, glabrous, sometimes setose, eglandular, rarely glandular, neck 1–2 × 4–5 mm; sepals persistent, erect. Achenes basiparietal, 40, tan, 4–6 × 2–4.5 mm. 2n = 14.

Flowering Jun–Jul(–Oct). Disturbed areas, roadsides, fields, maritime dunes and bluffs, shores, riparian sites; 0–1000 m; introduced; St. Pierre and Miquelon; B.C., N.B., Nfld. & Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Alaska, Conn., Del., Ill., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., N.H., N.J., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va.; Asia (n China, Japan, Siberia); introduced also in Europe.

Rosa rugosa is possibly indigenous to the western Aleutian Islands, Alaska; such nativity requires further study. Elsewhere in Alaska and other northern habitats, particularly near coastal estuaries and dunes, the species is widely naturalized in North America. It is readily identified by its rugose, leathery leaflets with deep veins, distal branches that are densely tomentose, and flowers 6–9 cm diam., consisting of mostly purplish pink double petals. It can be weedy and is invasive in eastern parts of the United States and Canada, especially along coastlines and waterways.

Some Rosa rugosa hybrids are recognized by their reticulated, deeply veined, rugose, and dark green leaves. The most widespread naturalized hybrid is R. ×hollandica Persoon ex Steudel (Dutch rose), found throughout central and northern Europe, where it has been widely used as rootstock for grafting and budding. In 2010, A. V. Gilman discovered and identified the hybrid in five Vermont localities and, together with D. Werier, also found robust shrubs in an open pasture in Schuyler County, New York.

Gallic acid derivatives and polysaccharides, found in aqueous extracts of Rosa rugosa flowers, demonstrated major antioxidant activity (T. B. Ng et al. 2004). In experiments with animals, extracts of R. rugosa alleviated oxidative stress associated with diabetes by inhibiting lipid peroxidation (E. J. Cho et al. 2004).