《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||苦苣菜属 Sonchus L. ||苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus L.

2.苦苣菜 滇苦英菜（植物名实图考）
Sonchus oleraceus L., Sp. Pl. 794. 1753; DC. Prodr. 7: 185. 1838; Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 2: 833. 1845-1846; Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 21: 115. 1848; Benth., Fl. Hongk. 194. 1861; Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 795. 1875; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 487. 1888; Komar. in Act. Hort. Petrop. 25: 776. 1907; L2vl., Cat. Pl. Yunnan 55. 1919; Ling in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat., Acad. Peipinp 3: 185. 1935; Hand. -Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 1179. 1936; Chang in Sunyats. 3: 303. 1937; Kitag., Lineam. Fl. Manch. 472. 1941; 刘慎谔等, 东北植物检索表440, 1959; Kirp. in Fl. URSS 29: 254. 1964; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 21 (3-4): 164. 1968; Boulos in Bot. Notis. 126: 155. 1973; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 684. 1975; Lauener in Notes Royal. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 34 (3): 398. 1976.——S. ciliatus Lam., Fl. Fr. 2: 87. 1778. S. ——mairei Levl. in Fedde. Rep. Sp. Noc. 12: 284. 1913 p. p.; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 21 (3-4): 164. 1968.
一年生或二年生草本。根圆锥状，垂直直伸，有多数纤维状的须根。茎直立，单生，高40-150厘米，有纵条棱或条纹，不分枝或上部有短的伞房花序状或总状花序式分枝，全部茎枝光滑无毛，或上部花序分枝及花序梗被头状具柄的腺毛。基生叶羽状深裂，全形长椭圆形或倒披针形，或大头羽状深裂，全形倒披针形，或基生叶不裂，椭圆形、椭圆状戟形、三角形、或三角状戟形或圆形，全部基生叶基部渐狭成长或短翼柄；中下部茎叶羽状深裂或大头状羽状深裂，全形椭圆形或倒披针形，长3-12厘米，宽2-7厘米，基部急狭成翼柄，翼狭窄或宽大，向柄基且逐渐加宽，柄基圆耳状抱茎，顶裂片与侧裂片等大或较大或大，宽三角形、戟状宽三角形、卵状心形，侧生裂片1-5对，椭圆形，常下弯，全部裂片顶端急尖或渐尖，下部茎叶或接花序分枝下方的叶与中下部茎叶同型并等样分裂或不分裂而披针形或线状披针形，且顶端长渐尖，下部宽大，基部半抱茎；全部叶或裂片边缘及抱茎小耳边缘有大小不等的急尖锯齿或大锯齿或上部及接花序分枝处的叶，边缘大部全缘或上半部边缘全缘，顶端急尖或渐尖，两面光滑毛，质地薄。头状花序少数在茎枝顶端排紧密的伞房花序或总状花序或单生茎枝顶端。总苞宽钟状，长1.5厘米，宽1厘米；总苞片3-4层，覆瓦状排列，向内层渐长；外层长披针形或长三角形，长3-7毫米，宽1-3毫米，中内层长披针形至线状披针形，长8-11毫米，宽1-2毫米；全部总苞片顶端长急尖，外面无毛或外层或中内层上部沿中脉有少数头状具柄的腺毛。舌状小花多数，黄色。瘦果褐色，长椭圆形或长椭圆状倒披针形，长3毫米，宽不足1毫米，压扁，每面各有3条细脉，肋间有横皱纹，顶端狭，无喙，冠毛白色，长7毫米，单毛状，彼此纠缠。花果期5-12月。
分布辽宁（锦州）、河北（内丘、张家口、阜平、邢台、琢鹿）、山西（太原、霍县、五台、浑源、交城、五寨）、陕西（西安、周至、榆林、眉县）、甘肃（天水、文县、榆中）、青海（柴达木）、新疆（乌鲁木齐、吐鲁、昭苏、塔城、新源）、山东（青岛）、江苏（盐城、南通）、安徽（舒城、休宁）、浙江（杭州、淳安）、江西（南昌、上犹）、福建（沙县）、台湾（台南）、河南（卢氏、桐柏、嵩县）、湖北（宜昌、宜恩）、湖南（雪峰山）、广西（临桂）、四川（汶川、南川、美姑、万源、乾宁、城口、峨眉）、云南（德钦、维西、大理）、贵州（罗甸）、西藏（察隅、波密、米林、隆子、林芝、拉萨）。生于山坡或山谷林缘、林下或平地田间、空旷处或近水处，海拔170-3200米。几遍全球分布。
模式标本采自欧洲。
全草入药，有祛湿、清热解毒功效。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||苦苣菜属 Sonchus L. ||苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus L.

5. 苦苣菜 (图鉴)
滇苦荬菜 (植物名实图考) ，小鹅菜 (峨山) ，奶浆草 (通海) ，空心苦马菜 (华宁)
Sonchus oleraceus L. (1753); DC. (1838); Benth. (1861); C. B. Clarke (1876); Hook. f. (1881); Forb. et Hemsl. (1888); Levl. (1916); Ling (1935); Hand.-Mazz. (1936); Chang (1937); Kitam. (1955), (1966), (1971); S. Y. Hu (1968); 图鉴 (1975)*; Lauener (1976); Kitam. et Gould in Hara et al. (1982); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 秦岭植物志 (1985)*; 西藏植物志 (1985)*; 贵州植物志 (1989)*; 横断山区维管植物 (1994); 中国植物志 (1997).
Sonchus meirei Levl. (1913); S. Y. Hu (1968).
一年生或二年生草本，高40-150厘米。主根圆柱状，垂直，有多数侧根和纤维状细根。茎单一，直立，不分枝或上部有花序分枝，茎和枝具纵棱，无毛或分枝被头状具柄腺毛。基生叶数枚，叶片长椭圆形或倒披针形，长3-12厘米，宽2-7厘米，羽状深裂或大头羽状深裂，顶裂片宽三角形、戟状宽三角形或卵状心形，侧裂片1-5对，椭圆形，常下倾，与顶裂片近等大或较小，全部裂片先端渐尖或急尖，边缘具锯齿，表面绿色，背面淡绿色，两面无毛，叶柄具翅，基部扩大成鞘，基生叶有时不分裂而呈椭圆形、椭圆状戟形、三角形、三角状戟形或近圆形；茎下部叶同基生叶，但翅柄基部逐渐加宽，呈圆耳状抱茎，耳缘具锯齿，上部叶渐小。头状花序少数，于茎、枝顶排列成密伞房状或总状花序，稀单生于茎、枝顶；花序梗被头状具柄腺毛；总苞钟形，径约1厘米；总苞片3-4层，外层长披针形或长三角形，长3-7毫米，中层稍长，内层线状披针形，长8-11毫米，全部总苞片先端急尖，背面无毛或沿中脉散生头状具柄腺毛。小花多数，黄色。瘦果长椭圆形或长倒披针形，长约3毫米，压扁，每面有3条细肋，肋上和肋间有横皱纹；冠毛白色，长约7毫米，多数，柔软，相互纠缠。花果期5-12月。
滇西北至滇中一带有分布，是一常见杂草。我国除东北外大部分省区有分布。世界各地均有。
全草药用，清热解毒、凉血。

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Sonchus ||苦苣菜 Sonchus oleraceus

5. Sonchus oleraceus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753.

苦苣菜 ku ju cai

Sonchus ciliatus Lamarck; S. mairei H. Léveillé (1913), not H. Léveillé (1915).

Herbs 40-150 cm tall, annual or sometimes biennial. Stem below synflorescence simple or branched, glabrous. Basal and lower stem leaves with basal portion petiole-like and attenuate, mostly smaller than middle stem leaves, otherwise similar. Middle and upper stem leaves extremely variable, elliptic, oblanceolate, or lanceolate, 6-20 × 2-9 cm, almost entire to ± irregularly pinnatisect, soft, glabrous, adaxially dull green, base auriculately clasping with auricles usually acutely prostrate, margin ± coarsely spinulosely dentate, apex acute; lateral lobes triangular to elliptic, usually recurved, apex acute to acuminate; terminal lobe larger than others, broadly triangular, broadly hastate, or obovate-cordate. Synflorescence shortly corymbiform or racemiform, with few to several capitula. Capitula with many florets; peduncle 0.5-3(-5) cm, slender, glabrous, glandular hairy, or apically white tomentose. Involucre ± campanulate, 1-1.2 cm. Phyllaries glabrous or with few glandular hairs, apex ± obtuse; outer phyllaries triangular to narrowly lanceolate, 1-3 mm wide. Corolla 1-2 cm. Achene obcolumnar, 2.5-4 mm, distinctly compressed, between lateral ribs with 3(-5) slender ribs on either side, space between slender ribs much wider than ribs, distinctly rugose when fully mature. Pappus 6-8 mm, ± persistent. Fl. and fr. May-Dec. 2n = 32.

Mountain slopes, forests, forest margins, fields, near water, open land, ruderal areas; 170-3200 m. Naturalized in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang [presumably originating from Europe and Mediterranean region].

Sonchus oleraceus is naturalized in all countries neighboring China and is anthropogenically distributed almost worldwide.

The entire plants are used medicinally.

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Sonchus || Sonchus oleraceus

3. Sonchus oleraceus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753.

Common sow-thistle, laiteron

Annuals or biennials, 10–140(–200) cm. Stem bases soft to hard, herbaceous, often hollow. Leaves: blades of mid cauline spatulate or oblong to obovate or lanceolate, 6–35 × 1–15 cm, bases auriculate, auricles deltate to lanceolate, ± straight, acute, margins usually pinnately (often runcinately) lobed, lobes ± deltate to lanceolate, not constricted at bases, terminals usually larger than laterals, entire or dentate. Peduncles usually glabrous, sometimes stipi-tate-glandular. Involucres 9–13+ mm. Phyllaries usually glabrous, sometimes tomentose and/or stipitate-glandular. Corollas: ligules ± equaling tubes. Cypselae dark brown, mostly oblanceoloid, 2.5–3.5+ mm, ribs 2–4 on each face, faces transversely rugulose or tuberculate across and between ribs; pappi 5–8 mm. 2n = 32, 36.

Flowering (Apr–)Jul–Oct (year-round in south). Disturbed sites, gardens, roadsides, along streams; 0–2000 m; introduced; Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kansas, Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; introduced also in Mexico, West Indies, Bahamas, Central America, South America, Africa, Asia, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia.