《中国植物志》|| 天南星科 ARACEAE ||菖蒲属 Acorus L. ||菖蒲 Acorus calamus L.

1．菖蒲（神农本草经）臭蒲（唐本草注），泥菖蒲（本草纲目，植物名实图考），香蒲（上海、浙江、福建），野菖蒲（浙江），臭菖蒲（上海），溪菖蒲、野枇杷、石菖蒲、山菖蒲、水剑草、凌水挡、十香和（福建），白菖蒲（各地），水菖蒲（滇南本草），剑叶菖蒲、大叶菖蒲、土菖蒲（四川），家菖蒲（云南曲靖），剑菖蒲、大菖蒲（湖北），臭草（北方各省）图版l：1-4
Acorus calamus L. , Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 324. 1753; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 87. 1841; Engl. in Engl. et Prantl, Pflzfam. 2 (3) : 118, fig. 16. 1887, in Engl., Pflanzenr. 21 (4, 23B) : 309, fig. 57. 1905; 广州植物志: 688. 1956; 秦岭植物志1 (1) : 277, 图247. 1976. ——Acorus calamus L. var. vulgaris L., Spec. Pl. ed. 1: 324. 1753. ——A. asiaticus Nakai in Rep. First. Sc. Exped. Manchoukuo, sect. 4: 105. 1936.
多年生草本。根茎横走，稍扁，分枝，直径5-10毫米，外皮黄褐色，芳香，肉质根多数，长5-6厘米，具毛发状须根。叶基生，基部两侧膜质叶鞘宽4-5毫米，向上渐狭，至叶长1/3处渐行消失、脱落。叶片剑状线形，长90-100（-150）厘米，中部宽1-2（-3）厘米，基部宽、对褶，中部以上渐狭，草质，绿色，光亮；中肋在两面均明显隆起，侧脉3-5对，平行，纤弱，大都伸延至叶尖。花序柄三棱形，长（15-）40-50厘米；叶状佛焰苞剑状线形，长30-40厘米；肉穗花序斜向上或近直立，狭锥状圆柱形，长4.5-6.5（-8）厘米，直径6-12毫米。花黄绿色，花被片长约2.5毫米，宽约1毫米；花丝长2.5毫米，宽约1毫米；子房长圆柱形，长3毫米，粗1.25毫米。浆果长圆形，红色。花期（2-）6-9月。
全国各省区均产。生于海拔2600米以下的水边、沼泽湿地或湖泊浮岛上，也常有栽培。南北两半球的温带、亚热带都有分布。

《云南植物志》|| 天南星科 Araceae ||菖蒲属　 Acorus L. ||菖蒲 Acorus calamus L.

1．菖蒲（各地）图版 201，1－4
臭蒲（唐本草注；东北、山东、河南、江苏），泥菖蒲（本草纲目，图考；浙江、山西），香蒲（浙江、上海、福建），野菖蒲（浙江），小菖蒲（江苏），臭菖蒲（上海），溪菖蒲、野枇杷、石菖蒲、山菖蒲、水剑草、凌水档、十香和（福建），白菖蒲（山西、河北、河南、江苏、湖北、福建、贵州、四川、云南曲靖、青海），水菖蒲（滇南本草），剑叶菖蒲、大叶菖蒲、土菖蒲（四川），家菖蒲（云南曲靖），剑菖蒲、大菖蒲（湖北），臭草（北方各省）
Acorus calamus L. (1753); Kunth (1841); Schott (1858, 1860); Engl. in DC. (1879), in Engl. et Prantl (1887); (1905)*; Merr. (1938); 广州植物志 (1956); 秦岭植物志 (1976*).
Acorus calamus L. var. vulgaris L. (1753); A. verus Houtt (1777); Engl. (1905); Hand.-Mazz. (1936).
多年生草本。根茎横走，稍扁，直径5—10毫米，外皮黄褐色，芳香，肉质根多数，长5－6厘米，具毛发状须根。芽于根茎各段散生。叶基生，基部两侧膜质叶鞘宽4—5毫米，向上渐狭，至叶长1/3处渐行消失，脱落。叶片剑状线形，长可达90—100（－150）厘米，中部宽1—2（－3）厘米，基部宽，对折抱茎，中部以上渐狭，草质，绿色；中肋在二面明显隆起，侧脉3-5对，纤弱，平行，大都伸延至叶尖。花序柄三稜形，长（15－）40—50厘米；叶状佛焰苞剑状线形，长30－40厘米，肉穗花序斜向上或稍直立，狭锥状圆柱形，长4.5－6.5（－8）厘米，直径6－12毫米。花黄绿色，花被片长约2.5毫米，宽约1毫米；花丝长2.5毫米，宽约1毫米。子房长圆柱形，长3毫米，径1.25毫米。浆果长圆形，红色。花期（2－）6－9月。
产云南西北部、中部、东南部，海拔600—2650米。常见于水边或沼泽湿地，也有栽培的。全国各省区都有，也见于南北两半球的亚热带，温带。

《Flora of North America》|| Acoraceae || Acorus || Acorus calamus

1. Acorus calamus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 324. 1753.

Sweet-flag, calamus

Leaves basally white with pink or red, otherwise bright green; single midvein (secondary midrib) prominently raised above leaf surface, usually somewhat off-center, other veins barely or not raised; cross section rhomboid. Vegetative leaves to 1.75 m; sheathing base (proximal part of leaf) 22.1--66.5(--73.3) cm; distal part of leaf 31.9--95.8(--117.6) ´ 0.5--2 cm, 1.4--1.8 times longer than proximal part of leaf, margins sometimes undulate or crisped. Sympodial leaf (29.9--)34.7--159.1(--183.9) cm, usually shorter than to nearly equal to vegetative leaves; sheathing base 16.1--76.4(--100.1) cm; distal part of leaf 13.5--86.2(--101.2) ´ 0.4--1.9 cm. Spadix (3.8--)4.9--8.9 cm ´ 5.3--10.8 mm at anthesis, post-anthesis spadix 5.5--8.7 cm ´ 6--12.6 mm. Flowers 3--4 mm; pollen grains not staining in aniline blue. Fruits not produced in North America. 2n = 36.

Flowering early spring--early summer. Wet open areas, marshes, swales, and along edges of quiet water; 0--900 m; introduced; N.B., N.S., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Europe; Asia; Africa; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands.

Acorus calamus, a sterile triploid, was introduced to North America by early European settlers, who grew it for medicinal uses. Rhizomes propagate easily, and the species has spread throughout northeast and central United States. Scattered populations occur elsewhere. Although leaf and spadix size of A. calamus and A. americanus overlap, those measurements differ significantly, with A. calamus in general having longer and wider leaves and longer spadices.

SELECTED REFERENCE

Motley, T. J. 1994. The ethnobotany of sweet flag, Acorus calamus (Araceae). Econ. Bot. 48: 397--412.

《Flora of China》|| Acoraceae || Acorus ||菖蒲 Acorus calamus

1. Acorus calamus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 324. 1753.

菖蒲 chang pu

Acorus americanus (Rafinesque) Rafinesque; A. angustatus Rafinesque; A. angustifolius Schott; A. asiaticus Nakai; A. calamus var. americanus Rafinesque; A. calamus var. angustus Besser; A. calamus var. angustifolius (Schott) Engler; A. calamus var. spurius (Schott) Engler; A. calamus var. verus Linnaeus; A. calamus var. vulgaris Linnaeus; A. cochinchinensis (Loureiro) Schott; A. griffithii Schott; A. spurius Schott; A. triqueter Turczaninow; Orontium cochinchinense Loureiro.

Rhizome stout, 4-10(-20) × (0.8-)1-1.5(-3) cm, aromatic; roots at lower side of rhizome. Leaves several, mid-green, often reddish at base, ensiform, (60-)70-100(-150) × (0.7-)1-2(-2.5) cm (mostly 1-1.5 cm wide), apex acuminate; midrib conspicuous on both sides. Peduncle compressed triangular, (15-)40-50 cm. Spathe mid-green, leaflike, 30-50 cm, acute. Spadix straight or slightly curved, erect, oblique, narrowly conic to subcylindric (tapering toward apex), 4.5-6.5(-8) × 0.6-1.2(-1.5) cm, densely flowered. Flowers yellowish green, 1.8-2 mm in diam. seen from above; tepals oblong, 2.5-3 × 1-1.2(-1.4) mm, keeled, membranous, apex triangular hooded; filaments oblong, flat, 2-2.5 × 0.3-0.5 mm, anthers cream-colored, 0.4-0.5 mm in diam.; pollen grains ca. 20 µm, exine shallowly and remotely foveolate; gynoecium obconic-cylindric, 2.5-3.5(-4) × (0.8-)1-2.3 mm, with conic, spongy apex and stigma very small. Infructescence 1.5-2 cm in diam., straw-brown at maturity, berries densely arranged. Berry oblong-obovoid, 1- to few seeded, (3.5-)4-4.5 × 2-3(-3.5) mm. Seed oblong-ellipsoid to ovoid, 2.5-3(-4) × 1-1.2(-1.8) mm, without bristles; testa light brown, subsmooth and slightly foveolate. Fl. (Feb-)Apr-Sep. 2n = 24, 36, 48.

Swamps, pond sides, standing water, also cultivated; below 2800 m. Throughout China [Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia (Sarawak), Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia (Far East, Siberia), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; SW Asia, Europe (except S), North America].

For a full synonymy, see Govaerts et al. (World Checkl. & Bibliogr. Araceae, 545-553. 2002).

Acorus calamus is diploid, triploid, and tetraploid. Diploids are known to grow naturally in E Asia (Mongolia and C Siberia, at least) and North America; tetraploids are known only from Asia (India, E Siberia, and Japan); and triploids are typical for the plants in Europe, SW Asia, India (Himalayan region), and E North America. The triploid cytotype probably originated in the Himalayan region, as a hybrid between the diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. It then probably dispersed naturally or with humans to Sakhalin and with humans to Turkey, then to Europe, and finally to E North America as a medicinal plant (Evstatieva et al., Fitologiya 48: 19-22. 1996; Löve & Löve, Proc. Genet. Soc. Canada 2: 14-17. 1957).

The different cytotypes show a great morphological variability and also a large variation in the chemical composition of the essential oils from the rhizome and leaves. As a result, they have been considered as representing species or varieties: Acorus calamus var. calamus (or A. calamus var. vulgaris) for the triploids, A. calamus var. americanus for the diploids, and A. calamus var. angustus for the tetraploids. Acorus calamus is considered in this treatment as a variable species, and infraspecific taxa are not recognized because there is an overlap in the width of the leaves, from 0.8 cm to 1.5 or 2 cm, also from Asiatic collections from different geographical regions, and furthermore the length of the spadices is variable. It can be observed that several collections from Asia have somewhat narrower leaves, ca. 1 cm wide; but there are also broader ones, and there is a continuous series.