《中国植物志》|| 天南星科 ARACEAE ||块茎组 Sect. Colocasia ||芋 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

2.芋（名医别录）芋头（各地），水芋（广东海南），芋岌、毛艿、（指小块茎）、毛芋（福建 福州），青皮叶、接骨草、独皮叶（云南南部），土芝、莒（古称），蹲鸱（史记）
Colocasia esculenta (L). Schott, Melet. 1: 18. 1832; Kunth, Enum. Pl. 3: 37. 1841; N. E. Brown in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 36: 183. 1903; 广州植物志: 639. 1956; S. Y. Hu in Dansk Bot. Arkiv 23 (4) : 428. 1968; 秦岭植物志1 (1) : 278. 1976. ——rum esculentum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 1: 965. 1753, ed. 2: 1369. 1763. Arum chinense L. in Amoen. Acad. 4: 234. 1754. ——Arum peltatum βLam. Encycl. 3: 13. 1789. ——Caladium esculentum vent., Hort. Cels. 30. 1800; Willd. , Spec. 4: 489. 1805.——Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta (L.) Schott, Syn. Ar. 42. 1859; Engl. in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 492. 1879; Krause in Engl., Pflanzenr. 71 (4, 23E): 67. 1920. ——Caladium colocasia (L.) W. F. Wight ex Safford in Contr. u. s. Nat. Herb. 9: 206. 1905.
湿生草本。块茎通常卵形，常生多数小球茎，均富含淀粉。叶2-3枚或更多。叶柄长于叶片，长20-90厘米，绿色，叶片卵状，长20-50厘米，先端短尖或短渐尖，侧脉4对，斜伸达叶缘，后裂片浑圆，合生长度达1/2-1/3，弯缺较钝，深3-5厘米，基脉相交成30度角，外侧脉2-3，内侧1-2条，不显。花序柄常单生，短于叶柄。佛焰苞长短不一，一般为20厘米左右：管部绿色，长约4厘米，粗2.2厘米，长卵形；檐部披针形或椭圆形，长约17厘米，展开成舟状，边缘内卷，淡黄色至绿白色。肉穗花序长约10厘米，短于佛焰苞：雌花序长圆锥状，长3-3.5厘米，下部粗1.2厘米；中性花序长约3-3.3厘米，细圆柱状；雄花序圆柱形，长4-4.5厘米，粗7毫米，顶端骤狭；附属器钻形，长约1厘米，粗不及1毫米。花期2-4月（云南）至8-9月（秦岭）。
原产我国和印度、马来半岛等地热带地方。我国南北长期以来进行栽培。埃及、菲律宾、印度尼西亚爪哇等热带地区也盛行栽种，视为主要食料。由于芋最喜高温湿润，栽培习惯愈向南也就愈盛。
我国的芋，早在《史记》中即有记载：“岷山之下，野有蹲鸱，至死不饥，注云芋也。盖芋魁之状若鸱之蹲坐故也”。经劳动人民长期因地制宜地选种培育，已有多种不伺类型的品种，其中常见的为下列3类： 1. 多头芋：母芋分蘖群生，子芋甚少，台湾山地栽培的狗蹄芋；广西宜山的狗爪芋皆属此类。特征：植株矮，一株生多数叶丛，其下生多数母芋，结合成一块；粉质，味如栗子。 2.大魁芋：母芋单一或少数，肥大而味美，生子芋少，植株高大，分蘖力强，子芋少，但母芋甚发达，粉质，味美，产量高。如台湾、福建、广东等热带地区常见的槟榔心、竹节芋、红槟榔心、槟榔芋、面芋、红芋、黄芋、糯米芋、火芋等。 3.多子芋：子芋多而群生，母芋多纤维，味不美。本类分蘖力强，子芋为尾端细瘦的纺锤形，易自母芋分离，栽培目的是采收子芋。我国中部及北部栽培者多属此类。如台湾的早生白芋，浙江杭州的白梗芋，浙江慈溪的黄粉芋等。浙江的红顶芋、乌脚芋、台湾的乌柿芋等品种具红色或紫色叶柄，也属此类。
块茎可食：可作羹菜，也可代粮或制淀粉，自古视为重要的粮食补助或救荒作物，台湾省雅美族至今以芋为主粮。叶柄可剥皮煮食或晒干贮用。全株为常用的猪饲料。块茎入药可治乳腺炎、口疮、痈肿疗疮、颈淋巴结核、烧烫伤、外伤出血，叶可治荨麻疹、疮疥。
本种很少开花，通常用子芋繁殖。

《云南植物志》|| 天南星科 Araceae ||芋属 Colocasia Schott ||芋 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

2．芋（名医别录）
芋头（各地），毛芋（福州），青皮叶、接骨草、独皮叶（滇南）
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (1832); Kunth (1841); N. E. Brown (1903); 广州植物志 (1956); S. Y. Hu (1968); 秦岭植物志 (1970).
Arum esculentum L. (1753，1763); Arurm peltatum β Lam. (1789); Caladium esculentum Vent. (1800); Willd. (1805); Arum chinense L. (1754); Colocasia an-tiquorum var. esculenta (L.) Schott (1859); Engl. in DC. (1879); Krause in Engl. (1920); Caladium colocasia (L.) W. F. Wight ex Safford (1905).
多年生湿生草本，块茎通常卵形，常生多数小球茎，均富含淀粉。叶2-3枚或更多，叶柄长于叶片，长20—90厘米，绿色，叶片卵状，长20—50厘米，先端短尖或短渐尖，侧脉4对，斜伸达叶缘，后裂片浑圆，合生长度达1/2—1/3，弯缺略钝，深3—5厘米，基脉相交成30°角，外侧脉2—3，内侧1-2条，不显。花序柄常单生，短于叶柄。佛焰苞长短不一，一般为20厘米左右：管部绿色，长约4厘米，粗2.2厘米，长卵形；簷部披针形或椭圆形，长约17厘米，展开成舟状，边缘内卷，淡黄色至绿白色。肉穗花序长约10厘米，短于佛焰苞：雌花序长圆锥状，长3—3.5厘米，下部粗1.2厘米；中性花序长约3—3.3厘米，细圆柱状；雄花序圆柱形，长4—4.5厘米，粗7毫米，顶部骤狭；附属器钻形，长约1厘米，粗不及1毫米。花期2—4月（云南）。
原产中国，印度及马来半岛，现各热带及亚热带地区广泛栽培。我国南北各地栽培或逸生。
块茎可作粮食，也作佐膳蔬菜；叶和花序亦供蔬食。全株为常用的猪饲料。块茎入药可治乳腺炎、口疮、痈肿疗疮、颈淋巴结核，烧烫伤，外伤出血；叶柄治荨麻疹、疥疮。
本种的显著特点是常丛生，佛焰苞内卷，附属器极短小。

《Flora of North America》|| Araceae || Colocasia || Colocasia esculenta

1. Colocasia esculenta (Linnaeus) Schott in H. W. Schott and S. L. Endlicher, Meletemata Botanica. 18. 1832.

Elephant"s-ear, wild taro

Arum esculentum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 965. 1753; Colocasia antiquorum Schott

Corms underground, starchy; stolons elongate, with nodes produced at or near surface, spreading horizontally. Leaves: petiole green, often purple apically, 30--80(--180) cm, spongy and filled with air spaces; blade green to dark green or glaucous blue-green on adaxial surface, usually with red or purple spot at point of petiole attachment, peltate for 2.5--7 cm, 17--70 ´ 10--40 cm; primary lateral veins parallel, secondary lateral veins netted, forming collective vein between primary lateral veins; apex mucronate. Inflorescences: spathe 20--35 cm; tube green; blade orange outside and in, opening basally and reflexing apically at anthesis to expose spadix, more than 3 times longer than tube; spadix 9--15 cm. Flowers: pistillate flowers pea green, interspersed with white pistillodes; ovaries 1-locular; ovules 36--67; sterile flowers white to pale yellow; staminate flowers and sterile tip pale orange, stamens 3--6, connate. Fruits orange. Seeds 1--1.5 mm, not observed in flora area. 2n = 28, 42 (Old World).

Flowering late spring--late fall. Usually forming large colonies along streams, ponds, ditches, canals, and other wet areas; 0--100 m; introduced; Ala., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., Tex.; Mexico; West Indies; Bermuda; Central America; South America; Asia; Africa; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands; Australia.

Weedy plants of Colocasia esculenta in the United States are essentially all one morphologic form (usually with long stolons and with a red to purple spot on the adaxially surface of on the leaf opposite the point junction where of the petiole joins the leaf and blade and with long stolons). This taxon has been called C. esculenta var. aquatilis Hasskarl in some treatments (K. A. Wilson 1960). Other forms of C. esculenta are cultivated in the flora area both for food and as ornamentals. The species is extremely variable and many varieties have been recognized taxonomically with little of agreement on the application of names. Because of their weedy status and their infrequent flowering, specimens of C. esculenta are not frequently collected, and the distribution indicated here reflects this deficiency. Plants may occur beyond the boundary outlined on the map, but the species does not become established in areas subjected to cold temperatures.

《Flora of China》|| Araceae || Colocasia || Colocasia esculenta

3. Colocasia esculenta (Linnaeus) Schott in Schott & Endlicher, Melet. Bot. 18. 1832.

芋 yu

Arum esculentum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 965. 1753; A. colocasia Linnaeus; Caladium colocasia (Linnaeus) W. Wight; C. esculentum (Linnaeus) Ventenat; Calla gaby Blanco; Colocasia antiquorum Schott var. esculenta (Linnaeus) Schott ex Seemann; C. formosana Hayata; C. konishii Hayata; C. neocaledonica Van Houtte.

Rhizome vertical to horizontal, tuberous, 3-5 cm or more (up to 15 cm) in diam. Stolons long or absent. Leaves 2 or 3 or more; petiole green, 25-80 cm, sheathing for 1/3-2/3 length; leaf blade adaxially matte waxy-glaucous and water-shedding (water sometimes forming "mercury droplets"), oblong-ovate to suborbicular, 13-45 × 10-35 cm, base shallowly cordate (sinus 1-4 cm), apex broadly and shortly cuspidate. Peduncle usually solitary, 16-26 cm. Spathe tube green, 3.5-5 × 1.2-1.5 cm; limb open proximally, cream-colored to golden yellow, lanceolate or elliptic, 10-19 × 2-5 cm, apex acuminate. Spadix: female zone conic, 3-3.5 × ca. 1.2 cm; ovary 1-3 mm in diam.; stigma subsessile, narrower than apex of ovary; sterile zone narrowly cylindric, 3-3.3 cm; sterile flowers (pistils) seen from above elongate, ca. 0.5 mm in diam.; male zone cylindric, 4-6.5 cm × ca. 7 mm; appendix narrowly conic, 15-45 × ca. 2 mm. Berry green, ca. 4 mm. Seeds few; synandria ca. 1 mm high, ca. 0.8 mm in diam. Fl. Feb-Apr (Yunnan), or Aug-Sep (Qin Ling area). 2n = 26, 28, 30, 36, 38, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 58, 84, 116.

Widely cultivated usually near farmhouses or in water fields; also naturalized or perhaps native in wet places in forests, valleys, swamps, wastelands, and at watersides. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics].

This very variable species is widely cultivated throughout the tropics, and many wild or naturalized clones are found in S Asia, Malesia, and the Pacific islands. The spathes, spadices, and spadix appendixes vary considerably, although the floral organs have not been observed in many cultivated clones. This wide variation is attributable to cultivation selections, escapes, naturalizations, and re-domestications. It seems best, therefore, to treat Colocasia esculenta as a single species rather than formally recognize infraspecific taxa or segregate species (see Hay, Sandakania 7: 31-48. 1996).

The rhizomes, petioles, and inflorescences are used as a vegetable. The rhizomes are used medicinally for treating swellings, abscesses, snake and insect bites, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.