《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||黄花蒿系 Ser. 6. Annuae (Rydb.) Poljak. ||黄花蒿 Artemisia annua L.

40.黄花蒿（本草纲目）草蒿〔神农本草经（部分）］，青蒿（神农本草经、中药俗称）， 臭蒿（日华本草），犱蒿（蜀本草），黄蒿（俗称），臭黄蒿（内蒙古），茼蒿（山西），黄香蒿、野茼蒿（江苏），秋蒿、香苦草、野苦草（上海），鸡虱草（江西），黄色土因呈（湖南），假香菜、香丝草、酒饼草（广东、海南岛），苦蒿（四川、云南），“沙拉翁”、“莫林一沙里尔日”（蒙语名），“好尼一沙里勒吉”（蒙药名），“康帕”（维吾尔语名），“克朗”（藏语名）图版9：7-13
Artemisia annua Linn. Sp. Pl. 847. 1753; Bess. in Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 3: 81. 1834: DC. Prodr. 6: 119. 1837; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 2 (2): 592. 1844-1846: Benth. Fl. Hongk. 187. 1861: Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 8: 528.1872; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 323. 1881: Forb. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 441. 1888: Komar. Fl. Mansh. 3: 659. 1907; Nakai. Fl. Kor. 2: 30. 1911 et Fl. Sylv. Kor. 14: 99. 1923: Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. G6n. Indo-Chine 3 (5): 587. 1924: Pamp. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. s. 34: 637. 1927 et 36: 67, 79. .930. incl. f. genuina Pamp. et f. macrocephala Pamp.; Merr. in Lingn. Sci. Journ. 6: 288 1928: Komar. et Alis. Key Pl. Far East. Reg. USSR 2: 1036. 1932; Ling in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peip. 2(10): 515. 1934: Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 1115. 1936: Chang in Sunyatsenia 3(4): 296. 1937; Kitag. Lineam. Fl. Mansh. 423. 1939: Kitam. in Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Univ. ser. B. 15(3): 389. 1940 et in Act. Phytotax. Geobot. 12: 138. 1943 et Fl. Afghan. 386. 1960; Rech. f. Symb. Afghan. 2: 52. 1955: Ghwi, Fl. Jap. 1191. 1956; 东北植物检索表386, 图版133. 图4. 1959; 江苏南部种子植物手册783, 图1263. 1959; Poljak. Фл. СССР 26: 489. 1961; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 18 (1-2): 121. 1965, incl. f.; Filat. Фл　Каэах. 9: 95. 1965; Noda, Fl. N.-E. Prov. (Manch.) China 1209. 1971; Nasir et Ali, Fl. W. Pakistan 715. 1972; 海南植物志4: 415. 1974; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 530,图6473,1975;Tutin et al. Fl. Europ. 4: 185. 1976; 台湾植物志4: 786,1978; 江苏植物志 下: 872,图2192, 1982; 西藏植物志4: 754, 图324. 1985. ——A. wadei Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot.20: 72. 1846. ——A. stewartii C. B. Clarke, Comp. Ind. 162. 1876. ——A. chamomilla C. Winkl. in Act. Hort. Petrop. 10: 87. 1887.
一年生草本；植株有浓烈的挥发性香气。根单生，垂直，狭纺锤形；茎单生，高100-200厘米，基部直径可达1厘米，有纵棱，幼时绿色，后变褐色或红褐色，多分枝；茎、枝、叶两面及总苞片背面无毛或初时背面微有极稀疏短柔毛，后脱落无毛。叶纸质，绿色；茎下部叶宽卵形或三角状卵形，长3-7厘米，宽2-6厘米，绿色，两面具细小脱落性的白色腺点及细小凹点，三（至四）回栉齿状羽状深裂，每侧有裂片5-8(-10)枚，裂片长椭圆状卵形，再次分裂，小裂片边缘具多枚栉齿状三角形或长三角形的深裂齿，裂齿长1-2毫米，宽0.5-1毫米，中肋明显，在叶面上稍隆起，中轴两侧有狭翅而无小栉齿，稀上部有数枚小栉齿，叶柄长1-2厘米，基部有半抱茎的假托叶；中部叶二（至三）回栉齿状的羽状深裂，小裂片栉齿状三角形。稀少为细短狭线形，具短柄；上部叶与苞片叶一（至二）回栉齿状羽状深裂，近无柄。头状花序球形，多数，直径1.5-2.5毫米，有短梗，下垂或倾斜，基部有线形的小苞叶，在分枝上排成总状或复总状花序，并在茎上组成开展、尖塔形的圆锥花序；总苞片3-4层，内、外层近等长，外层总苞片长卵形或狭长椭圆形，中肋绿色，边膜质，中层、内层总苞片宽卵形或卵形，花序托凸起，半球形；花深黄色，雌花10-18朵，花冠狭管状，檐部具2(-3）裂齿，外面有腺点，花柱线形，伸出花冠外，先端2叉，叉端钝尖；两性花10-30朵，结实或中央少数花不结实，花冠管状，花药线形，上端附属物尖，长三角形，基部具短尖头，花柱近与花冠等长，先端2叉，叉端截形，有短睫毛。瘦果小，椭圆状卵形，略扁。花果期8-11月。
遍及全国；东半部省区分布在海拔1 500米以下地区，西北及西南省区分布在2 000-3 000米地区，西藏分布在3 650米地区；生境适应性强，东部、南部省区生长在路旁、荒地、山坡、林缘等处；其他省区还生长在草原、森林草原、干河谷、半荒漠及砾质坡地等，也见于盐渍化的土壤上，局部地区可成为植物群落的优势种或主要伴生种。广布于欧洲、亚洲的温带、寒温带及亚热带地区，在欧洲的中部、东部、南部及亚洲北部、中部、东部最多，向南延伸分布到地中海及非洲北部，亚洲南部、西南部各国；另外还从亚洲北部迁入北美洲、并广布于加拿大及美国。模式标本采自苏联西伯利亚地区。
含挥发油，并含青蒿素 (qing hau su C15H2205) 、青蒿内脂I、II (arteannuin I, II) 、a-蒎烯、樟脑、按叶油素、青蒿酮等，此外还含黄酮类化合物；地上部分还含东茛菪内脂类化合物。青蒿素为倍半萜内脂化合物，为抗疟的主要有效成分，治各种类型疟疾，具速效、 低毒的优点，对恶性疟及脑疟尤佳。
古本草书记述的“草蒿”（神农本草经）及“青蒿”（除花色淡青、淡黄色者外）与“黄花蒿”（本草纲目）无异，中药习称“青蒿”，而植物学通称为“黄花蒿”A. annur Linn., 该种在不同生态环境中生长，其体态略有变异。入药作清热、解暑、截疟、凉血、利尿、健胃、止盗汗用，此外，还作外用药。南方民间取枝叶制酒饼或作制酱的香料。牧区作牲畜饲料。本种不同于植物学上称的“青蒿”A. carvifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.，二者药用功能虽然接近，但后者不含“青蒿素”，亦无抗疟作用。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||蒿属 Artemisia L. ||黄花蒿 Artemisia annua Linn.

6. 黄花蒿 (本草纲目) 图版70: 1-7
草蒿 (神农本草经) ，青蒿 (神农本草经) ，臭蒿 (日华本草) ，苦蒿 (云南)
Artemisia annua Linn. (1753); 江苏南部种子植物手册 (1959); 图鉴 (1975)*; 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 西藏植物志 (1985)*; 中国植物志 (1991)*; 横断山区维管植物 (1994).
一年生草本；植株有浓烈的挥发性香气。茎单生，高100-200厘米，有纵棱，幼时绿色，后变褐色或红褐色，多分枝；茎、枝、叶两面及总苞片背面无毛或初时背面微有极稀疏短柔毛，后脱落无毛。叶纸质，绿色；茎下部叶宽卵形或三角状卵形，长3-7厘米，宽2-6厘米，绿色，两面具细小脱落性的白色腺点及细小凹点，三 (至四) 回栉齿状羽状深裂，每侧有裂片5-8 (-10) 枚，中肋明显，在叶面上稍隆起，中轴两侧有狭翅而无小栉齿，稀上部有数枚小栉齿；中部叶二 (至三) 回栉齿状的羽状深裂，小裂片栉齿状三角形，具短柄；上部叶与苞片叶一 (至二) 回栉齿状羽状深裂，近无柄。头状花序球形，多数，直径1.5-2.5毫米，有短梗，下垂或倾斜，基部有线形的小苞叶，在分枝上排成总状或复总状花序，并在茎上组成开展、尖塔形的圆锥花序；总苞片背面无毛，中肋绿色，边膜质。花深黄色，雌花10-18朵；两性花10-30朵。瘦果小，椭圆状卵形，略扁。花果期8-11月。
产昆明、东川、玉溪、楚雄、大理、文山、个旧、潞西、德钦、盐津；见于路旁、荒地、林缘、河谷、草原等地，海拔2000-3000 (-3650) 米地区。全国各地皆有。适应性强，北半球及非洲北部广布种。
全草药用，清热退火，正气开胃，敷疮毒；叶治间日疟、恶性疟疾 (有特效) 。

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Artemisia || Artemisia annua

26. Artemisia annua Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 847. 1753.

Sweet Annie, sweet sagewort, armoise annuelle

Artemisia chamomilla C. Winkler

Annuals, 30–200(–300) cm, sweetly aromatic. Stems mostly 1, erect, green, turning to reddish brown with age, simple (smooth or ribbed), glabrous or sparsely hairy. Leaves cauline, bright green; blades triangular to broadly ovate, 2–5(–10) × 2–4 cm, 2–3-pinnatifid (lobes relatively narrow, ± toothed), faces glabrous, gland-dotted. Heads (nodding, peduncles 2–5 mm) in open, (diffusely branched, leafy) arrays 15–30(–40) × 10–20 cm. Involucres globose, 1.5–2.5 × 1.5–2.5 mm. Phyllaries (green) lanceolate, glabrous. Florets: pistillate (0–)10–20; bisexual 18–24; corollas pale yellow (broadly campanulate), 0.5–1 mm, glabrous. Cypselae oblong (flattened), 0.3–0.8 mm, glabrous. 2n = 18.

Flowering late summer–fall. Moist waste areas, sandy soils; 0–2000 m; introduced; N.B., Ont., Que.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Miss., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Eurasia.

Widely cultivated for aromatic oils, Artemisia annua often persists in gardens, becoming naturalized in moist-temperate areas (especially in eastern United States). Reports of naturalization may be exaggerated (reported for Prince Edward Island, but not established).

The systematic placement of this species appears to align most closely with species of the Eurasian subg. Seriphidium (L. E. Watson et al. 2002). Molecular evidence suggests that the Artemisia annua lineage may be ancestral to woody species in the Old World.

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Artemisia ||黄花蒿 Artemisia annua

40. Artemisia annua Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 847. 1753.

黄花蒿 huang hua hao

Artemisia annua f. macrocephala Pampanini; A. chamomilla C. Winkler; A. stewartii C. B. Clarke; A. wadei Edgeworth.

Herbs, annual, 70-160(-200) cm tall, much branched, sparsely puberulent, soon glabrous, strongly aromatic. Leaves gland-dotted. Lowermost stem leaves: leaf blade ovate or triangular-ovate, 3-7 × 2-6 cm, 3(or 4)-pinnatipartite; segments 5-8(-10) pairs. Middle stem leaves: petiole 1-2 cm; leaf blade 2(or 3)-pinnatisect or pectinatisect; lobules deeply serrate to pectinate; teeth triangular, 1-2 × ca. 0.5 mm; rachis narrowly winged, sparsely serrate or not; midvein prominent adaxially. Uppermost leaves and leaflike bracts 1(or 2)-pinnatipartite. Synflorescence a panicle to 15 × 8 cm, produced from most nodes to form broad, conical compound panicle. Capitula many, shortly pedunculate, closely subtended by whorl of bracteoles, nodding. Involucre globose, 1.5-2.5 mm in diam.; phyllaries broad and scarious, ± glabrous. Marginal female florets 10-18. Disk florets 10-30, bisexual; corolla dark yellow or yellow. Achenes ellipsoid-ovoid. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct. 2n = 18.

Hills, waysides, wastelands, outer forest margins, steppes, forest steppes, dry floodlands, terraces, semidesert steppes, rocky slopes, roadsides, saline soils; 2000-3700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [widely distributed in N Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America].

Artemisia annua contains, among other essential oils, artemisinin (青蒿素 qing hao su). It is well known in Traditional Chinese Medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antifebrile, and hemostatic properties, and artemisinin has become widely valued as an effective treatment for strains of Plasmodium resistant to other anti-malarial drugs.