《中国植物志》|| 十字花科 CRUCIFERAE ||白芥属 Sinapis L. ||白芥 Sinapis alba L.

1. 白芥（开宝本草） 图版1：3-5
Sinapis alba L. Sp. Pl. 668. 1753; Boiss. Fl. Orient. 1: 395. 1867; O. E. Schulz in Engl. , Pflanzenr. 70 (4. 105): 135. 1919; N. Busch in Kom. , Fl. URSS 8: 468. 1939; Chater, Fl. Europ. 1: 339. 1964; Hedge in Davis, Fl. Turk. 1: 226. 1964; Hedge in Rechinger, Fl. Iran. 57: 38. 1968; Jafri, Fl. West Pakist. 55: 29. t. l. f. 6. 1973; 东北草本植物 14: 51. 1980. ——Brassica hirta Moench, Meth. Suppl. 84. 1802. ——B. alba (L.) Rabenh. Fl. Lusatica 1: 154. 1839; Boiss. Voy. Bot. Midi de l, Esp. 2: 39. 1839; Hook. f. et T. Anders in Hook. f. , Fl. Brit. Ind. 1: 157. 1872; L. H. Bailey in Gent. Herb. 1: 106. 1922 et 2: 267. 1930; 中药志2: 180, 图114. 1959.
一年生草本，高达75（-100）厘米；茎直立，有分枝，具稍外折硬单毛。下部叶大头羽裂，长5-15厘米，宽2-6厘米，有2-3对裂片，顶裂片宽卵形，长3.5-6厘米，宽3.5-4.5厘米，常3裂，侧裂片长1.5-2.5厘米，宽5-15毫米，二者顶端皆圆钝或急尖，基部和叶轴会合，边缘有不规则粗锯齿，两面粗糙，有柔毛或近无毛；叶柄长1-1.5厘米；上部叶卵形或长圆卵形，长2-4.5厘米，边缘有缺刻状裂齿；叶柄长3-10毫米。总状花序有多数花，果期长达30厘米，无苞片；花淡黄色，直径约1厘米；花梗开展或稍外折，长5-14毫米；萼片长圆形或长圆状卵形，长4-5毫米，无毛或稍有毛，具白色膜质边缘；花瓣倒卵形，长8-10毫米，具短爪。长角果近圆柱形，长2-4厘米，宽3-4毫米，直立或弯曲，具糙硬毛，果瓣有3-7平行脉。喙稍扁压，剑状，长6-15毫米，常弯曲，向顶端渐细，有0-1种子；种子每室1-4个，球形，直径约2毫米，黄棕色，有细窝穴。花果期6-8月。
欧洲原产。我国辽宁、山西、山东、安徽、新疆、四川等省区引种栽培。模式标本采自欧洲。
种子供药用，有祛痰、散寒、消肿止痛作用；全草可作饲料。

《Flora of North America》|| Brassicaceae || Sinapis || Sinapis alba

1. Sinapis alba Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 668. 1753.

White mustard

Brassica alba (Linnaeus) Rabenhorst; B. hirta Moench; Rorippa coloradensis Stuckey

Plants usually hispid, rarely glabrous. Stems often branched distally, (0.15-)0.25-1(-2.2) dm. Basal leaves: petiole 1-3 (-6) cm; blade oblong, ovate, or lanceolate (in outline), (3.5-)5-14(-20) cm × 20-60(-80) mm, margins lyrate, pinnatifid, pinnatisect; lobes 1-3 each side, (oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm), margins usually dentate or repand, rarely pinnatifid. Cauline leaves (distal) shortly petiolate; blade (ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-4.5 cm), margins coarsely dentate, rarely subentire. Fruiting pedicels divaricate, (3-)6-12(-17) mm. Flowers: sepals (3.8-)4-7(-8) × 1-1.8 mm; petals pale yellow, (7-)8-12(-14) × (3-)4-6(-7) mm; filaments (3-)4-7(-8) mm; anthers 1.2-1.5 mm. Fruits lanceolate, (1.5-)2-4.2(-5) cm × (2-)3-5.5(-6.5) mm; valvular segment terete or slightly flattened, (0.5-)0.7-1.7(-2) cm, 2-5-seeded per locule; terminal segment ensiform, flattened, (1-)1.5-2.5(-3) cm, equal to or longer than valves, seedless; valves hispid, trichomes of 2 types (subsetiform mixed with shorter, slender ones). Seeds pale yellow to pale brown, (1.7-)2-3(-3.5) mm diam. 2n = 24.

Flowering Mar-Sep. Escape from cultivation, roadsides, waste places, disturbed areas, grain fields, cultivated areas, gardens, orchards; 0-1000 m; introduced; Greenland; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Eurasia; introduced also in Mexico, Central America, South America (Argentina), Europe, sw Asia, n Africa, Atlantic Islands.

Of the three subspecies of Sinapis alba recognized in European and North African floras, only subsp. alba is naturalized in the New World. This taxon is an important crop plant, and is occasionally reported as a weedy escape from cultivation. Its seeds are used for the manufacture of condiment mustard (see also 17. Brassica), pickling spice, and production of oils for soap and mayonnaise, lubrication, and cooking (I. A. Al-Shehbaz 1985).

《Flora of China》|| Brassicaceae || Sinapis ||白芥 Sinapis alba

1. Sinapis alba Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 668. 1753.

白芥 bai jie

Brassica alba (Linnaeus) Rabenhorst; B. hirta Moench.

Herbs (15-)25-100(-220) cm, retrorsely hispid, rarely glabrescent. Stems erect, often branched above. Petiole of basal and lower cauline leaves 1-3(-6) cm; leaf blade oblong, ovate, or lanceolate in outline, lyrate, pinnatifid, pinnatisect, (3.5-)5-14(-16) × 2-6(-8) cm; terminal lobe broadly ovate, (1-)3-6 cm, usually 3-lobed, margin dentate; lateral lobes 1-3 on each side of midvein, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 cm, margin dentate, repand, or rarely pinnatifid. Upper cauline leaves shortly petiolate; leaf blade ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-4.5 cm, margin coarsely dentate, rarely subentire. Fruiting pedicels divaricate, stout, (3-)6-12(-17) mm. Sepals yellow or green, narrowly oblong, (3.8-)4-7(-8) × 1-1.8 mm, spreading or reflexed. Petals pale yellow, obovate, (0.7-)0.8-1.2(-1.4) cm × (3-)4-6(-7) mm. Filaments (3-)4-7(-8) mm; anthers oblong, 1.2-1.5 mm. Fruit lanceolate, (1.5-)2-4.2(-5) cm × (2-)3-5.5(-6.5) mm; valvular segment (0.5-)0.7-1.7(-2) cm, 2-5-seeded in each locule, 3-5(-7)-veined, torulose, terete or slightly compressed, hispid with subsetose trichomes mixed with much shorter and more slender ones; terminal segment ensiform, strongly compressed, (1-)1.5-2.5(-3) cm, straight or curved upward, seedless or 1(or 2)-seeded. Seeds gray, pale brown, or reddish brown, globose, (1.7-)2-3(-3.5) mm in diam., finely reticulate. Fl. and fr. May-Sep. 2n = 24*.

Roadsides, fields, pastures, disturbed sites. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang [India, Kashmir, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Vietnam; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe; naturalized elsewhere].

The seeds are used for the manufacture of table mustard and also for the extraction of oils, which are used for cooking and making soap and mayonnaise. The species is a cosmopolitan, naturalized weed.