《中国植物志》|| 壳斗科 FAGACEAE ||栎属 Quercus L. ||蒙古栎 Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.

17. 蒙古栎（中国树木分类学）蒙栎（中国高等植物图鉴），柞栎（东北木本植物图志），柞树（中国树木分类学）
Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 3(2): 589. 1850; Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 11: 101. 1838. nom. nud., 27(2): 409. 1854; Chun, Chinese Econ. Trees 91. 1921; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学197. 1937; 东北木本植物图志221. 1955; 中国高等植物图鉴 1: 462.图923. 1972; 中国树木志2: 2341.图1179. 1985; 黑龙江树木志210. 1986; 辽宁植物志, 上册: 263. 1988. ——Q. sessilifora var. mongolica Franch., Pl. David. 1: 273. 1884.
落叶乔木，高达30米，树皮灰褐色，纵裂。幼枝紫褐色，有棱，无毛。顶芽长卵形，微有棱，芽鳞紫褐色，有缘毛。叶片倒卵形至长倒卵形，长7-19厘米；宽3-11厘米，顶端短钝尖或短突尖，基部窄圆形或耳形，叶缘7-10对钝齿或粗齿，幼时沿脉有毛，后渐脱落，侧脉每边7-11条；叶柄长2-8毫米，无毛。雄花序生于新枝下部，长5-7厘米，花序轴近无毛；花被6-8裂，雄蕊通过8-10；雌花序生于新枝上端叶腋，长约1厘米，有花4-5朵，通常只1-2朵发育，花被6裂，花柱短，柱头3裂。壳斗杯形，包着坚果1/3-1/2，直径1.5-1.8 厘米，高0.8-1.5厘米，壳斗外壁小苞片三角状卵形，呈半球形瘤状突起，密被灰白色短绒毛，伸出口部边缘呈流苏状。坚果卵形至长卵形，直径1.3-1.8厘米，高2-2.3厘米，无毛，果脐微突起。花期4-5月，果期9月。
产黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、河北、山东等省区。生于海拔200-2 100米的山地，在东北地区常生于海拔600米以下，在华北常生于海拔800米以上，常在阳坡、半阳坡形成小片纯林或与桦树等组成混交林。俄罗斯、朝鲜、日本也有分布。
木材边材淡褐色，心材淡灰褐色，气干密度0.67-0.78克/立方厘米，材质坚硬，耐腐力强，干后易开裂；可供车船、建筑、坑木等用材，压缩木可供作机械零件，叶含蛋白质12.4％，可饲柞蚕；种子含淀粉47.4％，可酿酒或作饲料，树皮入药有收敛止泻及治痢疾之效。

《Flora of China》|| Fagaceae || Quercus ||蒙栎 Quercus mongolica

10. Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour, Fl. Ross. 3(2): 589. 1850.

蒙栎 meng gu li

Quercus crispula Blume; Q. crispula var. manschurica Koidzumi; Q. grosseserrata Blume; Q. kirinensis Nakai; Q. liaotungensis Koidzumi; Q. mongolica subsp. crispula (Blume) Menitsky; Q. mongolica var. grosseserrata (Blume) Rehder & E. H. Wilson; Q. mongolica var. kirinensis (Nakai) Kitagawa; Q. mongolica var. liaotungensis (Koidzumi) Nakai; Q. mongolica var. macrocarpa H. W. Jen & L. M. Wang; Q. mongolica var. manschurica (Koidzumi) Nakai; Q. sessiliflora Salisbury var. mongolica (Fischer ex Ledebour) Franchet; Q. wutaishanica Mayr.

Trees to 30 m tall, deciduous. Branchlets purple-brown, angular, glabrous, lenticellate. Petiole 2-8 mm, glabrous; leaf blade obovate to narrowly so, (5-)7-19(-23) × (2-)3-11 cm, hairy along veins, glabrescent, base narrowly rounded to auriculate, margin with (5-)7-10 undulate to rough serrations on each side, apex truncate, shortly mucronate, or cuspidate; secondary veins (5-)10-18 on each side of midvein; tertiary veins abaxially slender, evident. Female inflorescences axillary on apical part of young shoot, 0.5-2 cm; cupules 4 or 5 but usually only 1 or 2 fertile. Perianth 6-lobed. Cupule cupular, 0.8-1.5 × 1.2-1.8(-2.8) cm, enclosing 1/3-1/2 of nut; bracts basal from cupule rim triangular-ovate, abaxial surface semiglobose tuberculate, sparsely to densely grayish pubescent; bracts at rim of cupule patent, margin fimbriate. Nut narrowly ovoid, ovoid, or ovoid-ellipsoid, (1.5-)2-2.4 × (1-)1.3-1.8(-2.3) cm, glabrous except for apex; scar 5-8(-13) mm in diam., slightly raised; stylopodium ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Sep-Oct.

Mixed mesophytic forests; 200-2500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan [Japan, Korea, Russia]

A widespread and variable species. The name Quercus wutaishanica (Q. liaotungensis) has been used for those plants from NW China that have smaller leaves and flatter cupule bracts, but these are clinal differences. In addition, many leaf forms of Q. mongolica have been recognized as varieties, but these are merely extreme cases within the variation of the species and do not warrant even varietal rank.