《中国植物志》|| 马兜铃科 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE ||马兜铃族 Trib. Aristolochieae ||马兜铃属 Aristolochia L.

4.马兜铃属Aristolochia L.
L. Sp. Pl. 960, 1753. et Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 410. 1754; Duchartre in A. DC. Prodr. 15 (1) : 432. 1864; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. 3 (1) : 123. 1880; O. C. Schmidt in Engl. u. Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2. 16b: 235. 1935. ——Isotrema Rafin. in Journ. Phys. Paris 89: 102. 1819, et in Amer. Monthly Mag. 195. 1819.
草质或木质藤本，稀亚灌木或小乔木，常具块状根。叶互生，全缘或3-5裂，基部常心形；羽状脉或掌状3-7出脉，无托叶，具叶柄。花排成总状花序，稀单生，腋生或生于老茎上；苞片着生于总花梗和花梗基部或近中部；花被1轮，花被管基部常膨大，形状各种，中部管状，劲直或各种弯曲，檐部展开或成各种形状，常边缘3裂，稀2-6裂，或一侧分裂成1或2个舌片，形状和大小变异极大，颜色艳丽而常有腐肉味；雄蕊6枚、稀4或10枚或更多，围绕合蕊柱排成一轮，常成对或逐个与合蕊柱裂片对生，花丝缺；花药外向，纵裂；子房下位，6室，稀4或5室或子房室不完整；侧膜胎座稍突起或常于子房中央靠合或连接；合蕊柱肉质，顶端3-6裂，稀多裂，裂片短而粗厚，稀线形；胚珠甚多，排成两行或在侧膜胎座两边单行叠置。蒴果室间开裂或沿侧膜处开裂；种子常多颗，扁平或背面凸起，腹面凹入，常藏于内果皮中，很少埋藏于海绵状纤维质体内，种脊有时增厚或呈翅状，种皮脆壳质或坚硬，胚乳肉质，丰富，胚小。
模式种：圆叶马兜铃 A. rotunda L.
约350种，分布于热带和温带地区。我国产39种、2变种、3变型，广布于南北各省区，但以西南和南部地区较多。此外，华南植物园曾从国外引种栽培作为观赏或药用的种类有美丽马兜铃A. elegans Mast.和木本马兜铃A. arborea Lind. 等，云南盈江亦引种栽培过麻雀花 A. ringens Vahl.
本属染色体数多为x=6或x=7。
本属有多种植物可供药用，如木通马兜铃的茎入药称“木通”，马兜铃、北马兜铃和木香马兜铃的果均称“马兜铃”，茎称“天仙藤”，以及广防己的块根都是我国常用的中药。其它如背蛇生、耳叶马兜铃、通城虎和广西马兜铃等的块根亦为民间常使用的中草药。
据文献报道，本属的一些植物含具有抗癌作用的马兜铃酸（aristolochic acid），此外尚含有土青木香酸（debilic acid）、生物碱类析木蓝花碱（magnoflorine）和轮环藤碱（cyclanoline）等，其中有些成分有降血压作用。
本属植物有些种类在开花过程中，颜色常有较大的变异，常见的是初为紫色后变为黄色，或者初为绿色后变为半透明以及斑块的消失等，因此用花的颜色作为分类的特征，常常需要长时间的观察。

《云南植物志》|| 马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae nom. conserv. ||马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae nom. conserv. ||马兜铃属 Aristolochia L.

2.马兜铃属 Aristolochia L.
藤本，稀亚灌木或小乔木，常具块状根。叶互生，全缘或3—5裂，基部常心形，无托叶。花左右对称，腋生，单生或成束为短的总状花序生于老茎上；花被管状，弯曲，基部常膨大，形状各异，檐部展开或成各种形状，分裂或一侧分裂成1或2个舌片，形状、大小各异，颜色艳丽而常有腐肉味；雄蕊6，环绕花柱排列，并与花柱结合；花丝缺；花药外向，纵裂；子房下位，6室，稀4或5室；侧膜胎座或常于子房中央靠合；合蕊柱肉质，顶端3—6裂；胚珠多数，排成两行或单行叠置。蒴果，室间开裂或沿侧膜处开裂；种子多数，扁平或背面凸起，薄壳质；胚乳肉质，丰富，胚小。
约300—400种，属泛热带分布，常见于热带亚洲、非洲和南美洲，其中以南美洲种类最丰富。我国有68种，广布于南北各省区，但以西南和华南地区最多。云南产24种。

《云南植物志》|| 马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae nom. conserv. ||马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae nom. conserv. ||马兜铃属 Aristolochia L.

2.马兜铃属 Aristolochia L.
藤本，稀亚灌木或小乔木，常具块状根。叶互生，全缘或3—5裂，基部常心形，无托叶。花左右对称，腋生，单生或成束为短的总状花序生于老茎上；花被管状，弯曲，基部常膨大，形状各异，檐部展开或成各种形状，分裂或一侧分裂成1或2个舌片，形状、大小各异，颜色艳丽而常有腐肉味；雄蕊6，环绕花柱排列，并与花柱结合；花丝缺；花药外向，纵裂；子房下位，6室，稀4或5室；侧膜胎座或常于子房中央靠合；合蕊柱肉质，顶端3—6裂；胚珠多数，排成两行或单行叠置。蒴果，室间开裂或沿侧膜处开裂；种子多数，扁平或背面凸起，薄壳质；胚乳肉质，丰富，胚小。
约300—400种，属泛热带分布，常见于热带亚洲、非洲和南美洲，其中以南美洲种类最丰富。我国有68种，广布于南北各省区，但以西南和华南地区最多。云南产24种。

《Flora of North America》|| Aristolochiaceae || || Aristolochia

1. Aristolochia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 960. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 410, 1754.

Dutchman"s-pipe, aristoloche [Greek aristolocheia, birthwort, from aristos, best, and lochia, delivery, in reference to ancient use of herb as aid in childbirth]

Kerry Barringer

Endodeca Rafinesque; Isotrema Rafinesque; Siphisia Rafinesque

Herbs or lianas , perennial. Stems erect, twining, or procumbent. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked (evident on young growth, becoming obscure with age in some species); true stipules absent; pseudostipules absent [present]; petiole sometimes very short. Leaf blade membranous to leathery. Inflorescences on new growth or on older stems, axillary, racemes or solitary flowers; bracts present. Flowers: calyx usually mixture of purple, brown, green, or red, bilaterally symmetric, tubular, usually bent or curved, 1- or 3-lobed, not fleshy, base with utricle (basal, inflated portion of calyx surrounding or containing gynostemium); tube narrowed, sometimes extended proximally as cylindric syrinx (tubular or ringlike structure at juncture of tube and utricle, projecting into utricle cavity) and distally as annulus (circular flange at juncture of tube and limb) on limb; corolla absent; stamens 5-6, adnate to styles and stigmas, forming gynostemium; ovary inferior, 3-, 5-, or 6-locular; styles 3, 5, or 6, connate in column. Capsule dry, dehiscent. Seeds flattened or rounded, sometimes winged. x = 6, 7, 8.

Species ca. 300 (12 in the flora): nearly worldwide.

Most European and tropical species of Aristolochia are believed to be pollinated by small flies attracted to the flowers by the fetid odors and purple-brown color. Flies enter the flower when the stigmas are receptive and are trapped until after the anthers dehisce (H. Solereder 1889, 1889b). No formal studies of pollination of the North American species have been reported.

Many species of Aristolochia have been used in the treatment of snakebite; the treatment may or may not be effective. All species contain aristolochic acid, which is variously reported as tumor-causing or tumor-inhibiting (J. A. Duke 1985).

The leaves of many species are eaten by pipe-vine swallowtail butterflies. The larvae eat leaves of these species and sequester aristolochic acid in their bodies, making them unpalatable to birds (W. H. Howe 1975).

SELECTED REFERENCES

Pfeifer, H. W. 1966. Revision of the North and Central American hexandrous species of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 53: 1-114. Pfeifer, H. W. 1970. A Taxonomic Revision of the Pentandrous Species of Aristolochia. [Storrs.]

《Flora of China》|| Aristolochiaceae || ||马兜铃属 Aristolochia

4. Aristolochia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 960. 1753.

马兜铃属 ma dou ling shu

Hocquartia Dumortier; Isotrema Rafinesque.

Shrubs or herbs, rarely subshrubs or lianas, usually twining or climbing, rarely erect. Roots often tuberous. Stems woody or herbaceous. Leaves alternate, veins pinnate or palmately 3-7 from base, margin entire or 3-7-lobed. Flowers axillary, sometimes produced from old woody stems, solitary, fasciculate, or arranged in inflorescences. Perianth uniseriate, zygomorphic (in China). Calyx lobes fused; tube often enlarged at or near base to form a utricle, apically cylindric or funnel-shaped, rectilinear or curved; limb ligulate, discoid, or subpeltate; lobes 1-3 (less commonly to 6-dentate). Stamens 6 in 1 series, fully adnate to the style column to form gynostemium; filaments absent; anthers extrorse. Ovary inferior, 6-loculed, 6-angled; carpels fully connate; gynostemium 3- or 6-lobed. Fruit dry capsules, 6-valved, dehiscing from the apex (acropetally) or from the base (basipetally) [or rarely indehiscent]. Seeds flat or plano-convex, with or without wing, with fleshy funicle, persistent on seed as a membranous elaiosome.

About 400 species: widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the Old World, also in Australia; 45 species (33 endemic) in China.

Aristolochia jingiangensis H. Zhang & C. K. Hsieh (Acta Acad. Medic. Sichuan 15: 12. 1984) and A. faucimaculata H. Zhang & C. K. Hsien (loc. cit.: 13. 1984) are known to us by name only. Aristolochia blinii H. Léveillé, A. mairei H. Léveillé, A. viridiflora H. Léveillé, and A. viridiflora var. occlusa H. Léveillé are all Ceropegia mairei (H. Léveillé) H. Huber (Asclepiadaceae).

Wu Zhengyi (editor’s note) believes that species 1–29 should be transferred to the genus Isotrema.

Aristolochia macrocarpa C. Y. Wu & S. K. Wu ex D. D. Tao, Fl. Xizang. 1: 585. 1983 was missed in FOC vol. 5. Although it is a latter homonym, the name has been picked up and used in other regional floras, so future research will need to determine its placement.