《中国植物志》|| 百合科 LILIACEAE ||黄精族 Polygonateae ||黄精属 Polygonatum Mill.

51.黄精属——Polygonatum Mill.
Mill.,Gard. Dict. Abridg. ed. 4, 1754.
具根状茎草本。茎不分枝，基部具膜质的鞘，直立，或上端向一侧弯拱而叶偏向 另一侧（某些具互生叶的种类），或上部有时作攀援状（某些具轮生叶的种类）。叶互 生、对生或轮生，全缘。花生叶腋间，通常集生似成伞形、伞房或总状花序；花被片6， 下部合生成筒，裂片顶端外面通常具乳突状毛，花被筒基部与子房贴生，成小柄状，并 与花梗间有一关节；雄蕊6,内藏；花丝下部贴生于花被筒，上部离生，似着生于花被 筒中部上下，丝状或两侧扁，花药矩圆形至条形，基部2裂，内向开裂；子房3室，每室 有2-6颗胚珠，花柱丝状，多数不伸出花被之外，很少有稍稍伸出的，柱头小。浆果近 球形。具几颗至10余颗种子。
本属植物的实生苗和成长的植株，有时在叶形上和叶序有较大的变化。例如，黄 精P. sibiricum. Delar. ex Redout6最初的小苗仅具1枚椭圆形的叶（长4-8厘米，宽 2-3厘米），后来的叶为对生而披针形（长5-7厘米，宽1-1.2厘米），长成的植株， 其叶方为轮生而条状披针形。
约有40种，广布于北温带。我国有31种。
某些种类的根状茎作药用，为中药“玉竹”、“黄精”，前者的功用为养阴润燥、生津止渴，后者的功用为滋润心肺、生津养 胃、补精髓。
分类系统总览
系1.苞叶系Ser. Bracteata Korn., Fl. URSS 4: 460. 1935.叶互生：花序具叶状苞片，苞片大；花较大，花被筒较长于花被裂片（种1-3）。
系2.互叶系Ser. Alternifolia Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 553. 1875.叶互生；花序具膜质或近草质的苞片，苞片微小；花较大；花被筒较长于花被裂片（种4-13）。
系3.滇黄精系Ser. Kingiana Y. C. Tang, ser. nov.叶轮生；先端拳卷；花较大，花被筒较长于花被裂片（种14）。
系4.独花系Ser. Hookeriana Y. C. Tang, ser. nov.植株矮小，叶大多数为对生；全株仅具1 (2）朵花，花较大，花被筒较短于花被裂片（种15）。
系5.点花系Ser. Punctata Y. C. Tang, ser. nov. 叶互生；花较小，花被坛形，花被筒较长于花被裂片（种16）。
系6.短筒系Ser. Alte-lobata Y. C. Tang, ser. nov.叶互生；花较小，花被钟形，花被筒甚短，仅长1-2毫米（种17）。
系7.对叶系Ser. Oppositifolia Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 553. 1875.叶大多数为对生，少数种类多少轮生；花较小，花被筒较长于花被裂片；花药长3-4毫米；子房短圆柱形，长4-7毫米（种18-20）。
系8.轮叶系Sera Verticillata Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 553. 1875.叶大多数种类为轮生，少数种类为对生或互生，顶端拳卷或否；花较小，花被筒较长于花被裂片；花药长2-3毫米；子房卵形或椭圆形，长2-3毫米（种21-31）。

《云南植物志》|| 百合科 Liliaceae, nom. fam. conserv. ||百合科 Liliaceae, nom. fam. conserv. ||黄精属 Polygonatum Mill.

19.黄精属 Polygonatum Mill.
多年生草本，根状茎匍匐，圆柱状、连珠状、结节状或块状。茎直立，有时上部弯曲或作攀援状，不分枝，基部具膜质的鞘。叶互生，对生或轮生，纸质、近革质或革质，先端平直、弯曲或成勾状，全缘，具短柄或近无柄。花生叶腋，单生或集生成伞形、伞房、总状花序；花序常下垂，苞片常微小、膜质，少有大而呈叶状的，宿存或脱落；花被常合生成圆锥状、圆筒状或坛状，裂片6；雄蕊6，内藏，着生在花被筒上；花丝下部贴生在花被筒上，上部分离，丝状或两侧扁，光滑、具乳头状突起或绵毛；花药条形或长圆形，基部2裂；子房上位，3室，中轴胎座，每室具2—6颗胚珠；花柱丝状，柱头小。浆果成熟时橘红色、红色或黑紫色，球形，具几颗至10余颗种子；种子淡红褐色或黄褐色，球形。
全属约有40（—55）余种，广布于北温带。我国有31种，南北各省都有分布；云南产10种，分布于全省各地。本属近亦归于 Convallariaceae。
某些种类的根状茎可入药或腌制供食用，为中药的“玉竹”、“黄精”，前者的功用为养阴润燥，生津止渴；后者的功用为滋润心肺、生津养胃、补精髓。

《Flora of China》|| Liliaceae || ||黄精属 Polygonatum

45. Polygonatum Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. [1109]. 1754.

黄精属 huang jing shu

Chen Xinqi (陈心启 Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. Tamura

Polygonatum cirrhifolium Credit: Harvard University Herbaria

《Flora of North America》|| Liliaceae || || Polygonatum

34. Polygonatum Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4 vol. 3. 1754.

Solomon’s seal, sceau-de-Salomon [Greek poly-, many, and gony, knee, in reference to the jointed rhizome]

Frederick H. Utech

Herbs, perennial, from long, knotty, creeping, occasionally branched rhizomes; leaf scars conspicuous; roots fibrous to fleshy. Stems simple, leafy, erect to arching, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate [opposite or verticillate], dispersed along stem, short-petiolate, subsessile, or clasping; blade ovate or lanceolate to linear, margins entire. Inflorescences racemose, with 1–10(–15) flowers on axillary peduncles, except for distal- and proximal-most axils; peduncle glabrous [pubescent]. Flowers nodding or pendulous; tepals 6, persistent, marcescent, connate basally into cylindrical tube, distinct, tips short, valvate; stamens 6, included, adnate to perianth tube; filament surfaces various; anthers basifixed [dorsifixed], dehiscence introrse; ovary superior, 3-locular, ovoid to globose; septal nectaries present; style slender, included; stigma capitate to obscurely 3-lobed; pedicel articulate, glabrous. Fruits baccate, dark blue to black [red], globose, glaucous, pulpy. Seeds yellowish tan to brownish olive, globose or subglobose, 3–4.5 mm. x = 10 [9–15].

Species 57 (3 in the flora): temperate regions, North America, Eurasia, especially China and Japan.

Polygonatum is a member of the Polygonatae, a tribe now assigned to the Ruscaceae sensu lato (P. J. Rudall et al. 2000) or a more narrowly defined Convallariaceae (J. G. Conran and M. N. Tamura 1998; J. Yamashita and M. N. Tamura 2000). It is a complex genus with some species that are highly variable and wide-ranging, and others that are not. The flora provides examples of both. Polyploids arising from different base numbers and hybridization contribute to generic variation. The North American species all have x = 10, in contrast to variable base numbers among the Eurasian species (S. Kawano and H. H. Iltis 1963; E. Therman 1950, 1953, 1953b; M. N. Tamura 1993, 1995).

In Polygonatum, filament morphology and level of tube insertion provide useful distinctions at the species level (M. N. Tamura 1993). Bee vibration, associated with the pendulous perianth tubes, which include the anthers and style, is an essential feature of the pollination system (A. S. Corbet et al. 1988). Young shoots and leaves can be boiled and eaten like asparagus, while the rhizomes reportedly have been dried and ground into flour or boiled and eaten like potatoes (L. Peterson 1978). Numerous eastern North American tribes, including the Cherokee, Chippewa, Iroquois, and Menominee, used plants of the genus as an analgesic or stimulant, or as a dermatological, cathartic, gynecological, and gastrointestinal aid (D. E. Moerman 1986). The berries contain an anthraquinone that causes vomiting and diarrhea. The arching stems and fine foliage of Polygonatum add architectural interest and focus to woodland shade gardens. In addition to the native species, the Eurasian P. odoratum (Miller) Druce and the hybrid, P. ×hybridum Brügger (P. multiflorum × P. odoratum), are commonly cultivated. The European P. multiflorum (Linnaeus) Allioni has been reported as locally naturalized in eastern Ontario and southern Quebec (B. Boivin 1967c).

SELECTED REFERENCES

Abramova, L. I. 1975. On the taxonomical structure of the genus Polygonatum Mill. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 60: 490–497. Bush, B. F. 1927. The species of Polygonatum. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 10: 385–400. Gates, R. R. 1917. A revision of the genus Polygonatum in North America. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 44: 117–126. Ownbey, R. P. 1944. The liliaceous genus Polygonatum in North America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 31: 373–413. Tamura, M. N., A. E. Schwarzbach, S. Kruse, and R. Reski. 1997. Biosystematics studies on the genus Polygonatum (Convallariaceae) IV. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on restriction site mapping of the chloroplast gene trnK. Feddes Repert. 108: 159–168.