《中国植物志》|| 蔷薇科 ROSACEAE ||苹果系 Ser. Pumilae (Rehd.) Rehd. ||楸子 Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh.

9. 楸子（食性本草）海棠果（河北土名）
Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. Theor. -Prakt. Handb. Forst. 2: 1278. 1803; Rehd. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 2: 288. 1915 & in Journ. Arn. Arb. 5: 189. 1924; Koidz. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 192. 1934. p. p.; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学418. 1937; 刘慎谔等, 东北木本植物图志302. 图版105: 214. 1955; 俞德浚、阎振茏, 植物分类学报5: 94. 1956; 北京师范大学, 北京植物志上册398. 1962; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 237.图2203. 1972. ——Pyrus prunifolia Willd. Phytogr. 8. 1794 & Sp. Pl. 2 (2): 1018. 1800. ——Pyrus malus Ait. Hort. Kew. 2: 175. 1789.
小乔木，高达3-8米；小枝粗壮，圆柱形，嫩时密被短柔毛，老枝灰紫色或灰褐色，无毛；冬芽卵形，先端急尖，微具柔毛，边缘较密，紫褐色，有数枚外露鳞片。叶片卵形或椭圆形，长5-9厘米，宽4-5厘米，先端渐尖或急尖，基部宽楔形，边缘有细锐锯齿，在幼嫩时上下两面的中脉及侧脉有柔毛，逐渐脱落，仅在下面中脉稍有短柔毛或近于无毛；叶柄长1-5厘米，嫩时密被柔毛，老时脱落。花4-10朵，近似伞形花序，花梗长2-3.5厘米，被短柔毛；苞片膜质，线状披针形，先端渐尖，微被柔毛，早落；花直径4-5厘米；萼筒外面被柔毛；萼片披针形或三角披针形，长7-9厘米，先端渐尖，全缘，两面均被柔毛，萼片比萼筒长；花瓣倒卵形或椭圆形，长约2.5-3厘米，宽约1.5厘米，基部有短爪，白色，含苞未放时粉红色；雄蕊20，花丝长短不齐，约等于花瓣三分之一；花柱4 (5)，基部有长绒毛，比雄蕊较长。果实卵形，直径2-2.5厘米，红色，先端渐尖，稍具隆起，萼洼微突，萼片宿存肥厚，果梗细长。花期4-5月，果期8-9月。
产河北、山东、山西、河南、陕西、甘肃、辽宁、内蒙古等省区野生或栽培。生山坡、平地或山谷梯田边，海拔50-1300米。
本种的类型很多，适应性强，抗寒抗旱也能耐湿，是苹果的优良砧木。在山东烟台海滨砂滩果园用以嫁接西洋苹果，生长良好，早熟，丰产。在陕西、甘肃的黄土高原上作苹果砧木，生长健壮，寿命很长。经过长期栽培，品种很多有些果实味甜酸，也可供食用及加工。米丘林在培育抗寒苹果的工作中采用楸子作为育种原始材料，称为基泰伊卡，系自我国东北引入苏联栽培。

《云南植物志》|| 蔷薇科 Rosaceae ||苹果属 Malus Mill. ||楸子 Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh.

7.楸子（食性本草）
Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. (1803); Rehd. in Sarg. (1915), (1924); Koidz. (1934), p. p.; 中国树木分类学 (1937); 俞德浚、阎振龙 (1956); 图鉴 (1972)*; 中国植物志 (1974); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); Flora of China (2003).
Pyrus malus Ait (1789); prunifolia Willd. (1794), (1800); Hook. f. (1875)*; Card. (1918); Malus domestica Borkh. subsp. prunifolia (Willd.) Likh. (1972).
小乔木，高4-8米。小枝粗壮，圆柱形，嫩时密被短柔毛，老枝灰紫色或灰褐色，无毛；冬芽卵形，先端急尖，微被柔毛，紫褐色，有数枚外露鳞片。叶片卵形或椭圆形，长5-9厘米，宽4-5厘米，先端渐尖或急尖，基部楔形，边缘具细锐锯齿，幼时上下两面的中脉及侧脉有柔毛，毛逐渐脱落，仅在下面中脉稍有短柔毛或近于无毛；叶柄长1-5厘米，嫩时密被柔毛，老时脱落而近无毛。花序近伞形，有花4-10朵，花梗长2-3.5厘米，被短柔毛；苞片膜质，线状披针形，先端渐尖，微被柔毛，早落；花直径4-5厘米；萼筒外面被柔毛，萼片披针形或三角状披针形，长7-9毫米，先端渐尖，全缘，两面均被柔毛，萼片比萼筒长；花瓣倒卵形或椭圆形，长约2.5-3厘米，宽约1.5厘米，基部有短爪，白色，含苞未放时粉红色；雄蕊20，花丝长短不齐，约等于花瓣三分之一；花柱4（5），基部有长绒毛，比雄蕊较长。果实卵形，直径2-2.5厘米，红色，顶端渐尖，稍具隆起，萼洼微实，萼片宿存肥厚；果梗细长。花期4-5月，果期8-9月。
产丽江（栽培）；生于海拔1900米的山坡上。河北、山东、山西、河南、陕西、甘肃、辽宁、内蒙古等省区野生或栽培。
本种适应性强，抗寒抗旱也能耐湿，是苹果的优良砧木。果实入药，有健胃消食、行癖定痛之效。

《Flora of North America》|| Amaryllidaceae || Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae || Malus prunifolia

6. Malus prunifolia (Willdenow) Borkhausen, Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1278. 1803.

Plumleaf or pearleaf crabapple, Chinese apple

Pyrus prunifolia Willdenow, Phytographia, 8. 1794

Trees, 30–80(–100) dm. Stems 5–20 cm diam.; bark purplish brown or gray-brown, peeling irregularly; young branches purplish brown and densely puberulous, becoming grayish purple or grayish brown and glabrous at maturity; flowering shoots producing spurs, (5–)10–20(–35) mm. Buds purplish brown, ovoid, 5–7 mm, scale margins sparsely pubescent. Leaves convolute in bud; isomorphic; stipules deciduous, lanceolate, 4–5 mm, apex acuminate; petiole 10–50 mm, tomentose; blade elliptic or ovate, (3.5–)5–9.5(–11) × (2–)4–5(–8) cm, base broadly cuneate, margins unlobed, acutely serrate or serrulate, sometimes doubly serrate, apex acuminate or acute, sometimes cuspidate, abaxial surface glabrous, adaxial puberulent or subglabrous. Panicles umbel-like; peduncles 0–2 mm; bracteoles deciduous, rare, ˂± middle of pedicel˃, filiform, 3–4 mm. Pedicels 20–35 mm, puberulous. Flowers (30–)40–50 mm diam.; hypanthium puberulent; sepals triangular-lanceolate or lanceolate, 7–9 mm, longer than tube, apex acuminate, surfaces puberulent; petals white, obovate or elliptic, 25–30 mm, claws 1–2 mm, margins entire, apex rounded; stamens ca. 20, 8–10 mm, anthers yellow before dehiscence; styles 4 or 5, basally connate 1/3 length, 9–11 mm, longer than stamens, proximally tomentose. Pomes yellow to dark red, ovoid or oblong, 20–25(–34) mm diam., cores enclosed at apex; sepals persistent, reflexed (erect), ˂raised, swollen at base˃; sclereids sparse surrounding core. Seeds dark brown. 2n = 34, 51.

Flowering Apr–Jun; fruiting Aug–Oct. Hillsides, flats; 0–1300 m; introduced; N.B., N.S.; Conn., D.C., Ill., Maine, Mass., Minn., N.H., N.Y., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., Wis.; ne Asia.

Malus prunifolia is closely related to the cultivated apple, M. pumila, and sometimes is used as rootstock for the latter because of its extensive root system. Malus prunifolia differs from M. pumila in having more sharply serrate leaves, glabrate or glabrous abaxial surfaces of mature leaves, relatively long pedicels, and pomes with raised, swollen, fleshy-based sepals.

Malus prunifolia is cultivated worldwide and utilized as grafting rootstock, as a fruit tree, and as an ornamental. The species is potentially a genetic source of cold tolerance and disease resistance for apple-breeding programs. See discussion under 4. M. fusca for distinguishing M. prunifolia from the hybrid M. ×dawsoniana.

Malus ×scheideckeri Späth ex Zabel is considered a hybrid of M. floribunda and M. prunifolia (see discussion of the latter under 8. M. halliana). The "Scheidecker crabapple" is cultivated as an ornamental tree for its semidouble pale pink flowers and yellow to orange globose pomes.