《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||莴苣亚族 Lactucinae Less. ||苦荬菜属 Ixeris Cass.
223. 苦荬菜属Ixeris Cass.
Cass. in Bull. Soc. Philom. 173. 1821 et in Dict. Sci. Nat. 24: 49. 1822; DC., Prodr. 7: 151. 1838, p. p.; A. Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. n. s. 6: 397. 1859, p. p.; Kitam. in Bot. Mag. Kyoto 35: 280. 1935, p. p. et in Mem. Coll. Sci. Univ. Kyoto ser. B. 23: 105. 1956; Stebbins in Journ. Bot. Brit. For. 75: 43. 1937.——Lactuca L. sect. Izeris(Cass.) Benth. et Hook. f., Gen. Pl. 2: 526. 1873. excl. syn.
一年生或多年生草本。基生叶花期生存。头状花序同型，舌状，含多数舌状小花(10-26枚) ，多数或少数在茎枝顶端排成伞房状花序。总苞花期圆柱状或钟状，果期有时卵球形；总苞片2-3层，外层最短，内层最长。花托平，无托毛。舌状小花黄色，舌片顶端5齿裂。花柱分枝细，花药基部附属物箭头形。瘦果压扁，褐色，纺锤形或椭圆形，无毛，有10条尖翅肋，顶端渐尖成细喙，喙长或短，细丝状，异色。冠毛白色，2层，纤细，不等长，微粗糙，宿存或脱落。
本属约20种，分布东亚和南亚。我国有4种。
模式：Ixeris polycephala Cass.
Source 中国植物物种信息数据库
《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||菊苣族 Trib. Lactuceae Cass. ||苦荬菜属 Ixeris Cass.
130. 苦荬菜属 Ixeris Cass.
一年生或多年生草本。茎直立或平卧，上部具花序分枝或自基部分枝，具匍匐茎或无。基生叶在花期生存；茎生叶多数或少数，互生，叶片不分裂或分裂。头状花序具同型小花，少数或多数于茎、枝顶排列成伞房状花序；花序梗纤细；总苞圆筒形或钟形，有时果期呈卵形；总苞片2-4层，质地薄，外层极短小，中、内层长；花序托平，无托毛。小花10-26朵，全部两性，舌状，花冠黄色，舌片条形，先端平截，具5个小齿裂；花柱分枝纤细；花药基部附属物箭头形。瘦果纺锤形或椭圆形，褐色，压扁，有10条尖翅状的纵肋，无毛，先端渐尖成喙，喙纤细，长或短，但都短于果体；冠毛2层，白色，不等长，糙毛状。
约20种，分布于东亚和东南亚。我国有4种，主产华东和华南，个别种分布于东北和西南。云南有1种。
Source 中国植物物种信息数据库
《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || || Ixeris
39. Ixeris (Cassini) Cassini in F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ed. 2. 25: 62. 1822.
[No etymology in protologue]
John L. Strother
Taraxacum F. H. Wiggers subg. Ixeris Cassini, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1821: 173. 1821
Perennials [annuals or biennials], (5–)10–30+ cm; taprooted (sometimes rhizomatous; stolons produced in some taxa). Stems (excluding stolons) 1–5+, erect (often scapiform), usually branched distally, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline; petiolate; blades elliptic, oblong, orbiculate, or ovate [lanceolate to oblanceolate or linear], margins entire or denticulate to dentate [pinnately lobed] (faces glabrous [± scabrous]). Heads borne singly or in loose, corymbiform [paniculiform] arrays. Peduncles not inflated distally, usually bracteate. Calyculi of 3–10+, deltate to lanceolate bractlets. Involucres campanulate to cylindric, 2–5[–8+] mm diam. Phyllaries 5–10[–13+] in ± 1 series, linear [lanceolate], equal to subequal, margins sometimes scarious, apices obtuse to acute. Receptacles convex, weakly pitted, glabrous, epaleate. Florets 6–12+; corollas yellow [white or bluish]. Cypselae reddish brown [black], bodies ± fusiform, sometimes ± compressed, ribs (or wings) 10, beaks equal to or shorter than bodies, faces glabrous; pappi persistent, of 20–30, white [brown], ± equal, smooth or barbellulate bristles in 1 series. x = 8.
Species ca. 20 (1 in the flora): introduced; Southeast Asia.
Source eFloras.org
《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || ||苦荬菜属 Ixeris
74. Ixeris (Cassini) Cassini in F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. 25: 62. 1822.
苦荬菜属 ku mai cai shu
Authors: Zhu Shi & Norbert Kilian
Taraxacum subg. Ixeris Cassini, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 1821: 173. 1821; Chorisis Candolle; Chorisma D. Don (1829), not Lindley ex Sweet (1821).
Herbs, annual or perennial, often rosulate. Stems ± erect, sometimes also long creeping and with erect flowering branches. Synflorescence usually corymbiform. Capitula with (12-)15-25(-40) florets. Involucre cylindric to narrowly campanulate. Phyllaries in several series, glabrous; outer phyllaries several, longest 1/4-1/2 as long as inner ones; inner phyllaries usually 8, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, equal in length, glabrous, margin usually scarious. Receptacle naked. Florets yellow, rarely whitish or purplish. Achene brown, ± fusiform, not compressed, with 10 (5 main ribs alternating with 5 ± equal secondary ribs) very prominent ± winglike ribs, space between ribs narrowly V- or U-shaped, apex contracted or attenuate into a filiform or slender beak. Pappus white, bristles scabrid.
About eight species: E and S Asia; six species in China.
The revised circumscription of Ixeris employed here follows the treatment by Pak and Kawano (Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. Biol. 15: 29-61. 1992), based on carpological and karyological investigations, which also includes the former monotypic Chorisis accommodating I. repens. Pak and Kawano’s concept of the genus has been corroborated recently in molecular phylogenetic analyses of subtribe Crepidinae by J. W. Zhang et al. (in prep.). Its basic chromosome number is x = 8.
Source eFloras.org
