《中国植物志》|| 木兰科 MAGNOLIACEAE ||木兰亚族 Subtrib. MAGNOLIINAE ||木兰属 Magnolia Linn.

3. 木兰属 Magnolia Linn.
Linn. Sp. Pl. 1: 535. 1753, Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 240. 1754.
乔木或灌木，树皮通常灰色，光滑，或有时粗糙具深沟，通常落叶，少数常绿；小枝具环状的托叶痕，髓心连续或分隔；芽有2型；营养芽（枝、叶芽）腋生或顶生，具芽鳞2，膜质，镊合状合成盔状托叶，包裹着次一幼叶和生长点，与叶柄连生。混合芽顶生（枝、叶及花芽）具1至数枚次第脱落的佛焰苞状苞片，包着1至数个节间，每节间有1腋生的营养芽，末端2节膨大，顶生着较大的花蕾；花柄上有数个环状苞片脱落痕。叶膜质或厚纸质，互生，有时密集成假轮生，全缘，稀先端2浅裂；托叶膜质，贴生于叶柄，在叶柄上留有托叶痕，幼叶在芽中直立，对折。花通常芳香，大而美丽，雌蕊常先熟，为甲壳虫传粉，单生枝顶，很少2-3朵顶生，两性，落叶种类在发叶前开放或与叶同时开放；花被片白色、粉红色或紫红色，很少黄色，9-21（45）片，每轮3-5片，近相等，有时外轮花被片较小，带绿色或黄褐色，呈萼片状；雄蕊早落，花丝扁平，药隔延伸成短尖或长尖，很少不延伸，药室内向或侧向开裂；雌蕊群和雄蕊群相连接，无雌蕊群柄。心皮分离，多数或少数，花柱向外弯曲，沿近轴面为具乳头状突起的柱头面，每心皮有胚珠2颗（很少在下部心皮具3-4颗）。聚合果成熟时通常为长圆状圆柱形，卵状圆柱形或长圆状卵圆形，常因心皮不育而偏斜弯曲。成熟蓇葖革质或近木质，互相分离，很少互相连合，沿背缝线开裂，顶端具或短或长的喙，全部宿存于果轴。种子1-2颗，外种皮橙红色或鲜红色，肉质，含油分，内种皮坚硬，种脐有丝状假珠柄与胎座相连，悬挂种子于外。
本属模式种：M. virginiana Linn.
约90种，产亚洲东南部温带及热带。印度东北部、马来群岛、日本、北美洲东南部、美洲中部及大、小安的列斯群岛。我国约有31种，分布于西南部、秦岭以南至华东、东北。
本属植物种类经济价值大，不少乔木种类材质优良，是我国北纬34°以南的重要林业树种；有些种类的树皮作厚朴或代厚朴药用，花蕾作辛夷药用，是我国二千多年的传统中药；多数种类的花色艳丽多姿，色香兼备，是我国二千五百多年的传统花卉，如玉兰、紫玉兰等约有二十余种早已引种至各国都市，享誉全球。

《云南植物志》|| 木兰科 Magnoliaceae ||木兰科 Magnoliaceae ||木兰属 Magnolia Linn.

3.木兰属 Magnolia Linn.
常绿或落叶乔木或灌木，树皮通常灰色，光滑，或有时粗糙具深沟；小枝具环状的托叶痕。叶膜质或厚纸质，互生，有时密集成假轮生，全缘，稀先端2浅裂；托叶膜质，贴生于叶柄，在叶柄上留有托叶痕，幼叶在芽中直立，对折。花通常洁白芳香，大而美丽，单生枝顶，两性；花被片9-12片，每轮3片，近相等；雄蕊早落，花丝扁平，药隔延伸成短尖或长尖，很少不延伸，药室内向开裂；雌蕊群和雄蕊群相连接，无雌蕊群柄。心皮分离，多数或少数，花柱向外弯曲，沿近轴面为具乳头状突起的柱头面，每心皮通常具胚珠2颗（很少在下部心皮具3-4颗）。聚合果成熟时通常为圆柱形，卵状圆柱形或卵形。成熟蓇葖革质或近木质，互相分离，沿背缝线开裂，顶端具或短或长的喙，全部宿存于果轴。
约70种，产亚洲东南部温带及热带、印度东北部、马来群岛、北美洲东南部、美洲中部及大、小安的列斯群岛。我国约有15种，分布于秦岭以南各地，以华南和西南为主；云南产8种，引种栽培2种。
本属植物种类经济价值大，不少乔木种类材质优良；厚朴是我国有两千多年的传统中药；多数种类的花洁白芳香，是重要的庭园观赏植物，如夜合花、山玉兰等。

《Flora of North America》|| Magnoliaceae || || Magnolia

1. Magnolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 535. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 240, 1754.

[For Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), professor and director of the botanical garden at Montpellier, France]

Kobus Nieuwland; Tulipastrum Spach

Trees or shrubs , deciduous or evergreen. Pith homogeneous or diaphragmed. Leaves distinctly alternate or sometimes crowded in terminal whorl-like clusters; stipules early deciduous, free or adnate to and proximal on petiole. Leaf blade: base deeply cordate or auriculate or cuneate to abruptly narrowed or rounded, margins entire, apex obtuse or acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially chalky white or green to glaucous, pubescent or glabrous. Flowers protogynous, appearing with or before leaves; tepals 9-15, petaloid, usually spreading, creamy white, rarely greenish, yellow, or orange-yellow, outermost tepals sepaloid, sometimes strongly reflexed, greenish; stamens on elongate torus, early deciduous; filaments white or purple, very short; anthers introrse or latrorse. Follicles persistent, coalescent, forming conelike aggregate, abaxially dehiscent. Seeds with red, pink, or orange oily aril, extruded from follicles and suspended by funiculi. x =19.

Species ca. 120 (8 in the flora): temperate and tropical regions, Western Hemisphere, Asia (Himalayas, China, Japan, Taiwan, Malaysia, and Indonesia).

All species of Magnolia in the flora are cultivated. Many of the Asiatic taxa are also grown in the flora area. Numerous hybrids and cultivars from those taxa have been introduced to horticulture.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Callaway, D.J. 1994. The World of Magnolias. Portland. Coker, W.C. 1943. Magnolia cordata Michaux. J.Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 59: 81-88. Dandy, J.E. Notes on Magnolia and related genera. Unpublished manuscript. Botany Department, The Natural History Museum. London. Heiser, C.B. 1962. Some observations on pollination and compatibility in Magnolia. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 72: 259-266. Johnson, D.L. 1989. Species and Cultivars of the Genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) Cultivated in the United States. M.S. thesis. Cornell University. Johnson, D.L. 1989b. Nomenclatural changes in Magnolia. Baileya 23(1): 55-56. McDaniel, J.C. 1966. Variations in the sweet bay magnolias. Morris Arbor. Bull. 17(1): 7-12. Millais, J.G. 1927. Magnolias. London. Rockwell, H.C. 1966. The Genus Magnolia in the United States. M.S. thesis. West Virginia University. Santamour, F.S.Jr. 1969b. Cytology of Magnolia hybrids. I. Morris Arbor. Bull. 20(4): 63-65. Thien, L.B. 1974. Floral biology of Magnolia. Amer. J. Bot. 61(10): 1037-1045. Thien, L.B., W.H. Heimermann, and R.T. Holman. 1975. Floral odors and quantitative taxonomy of Magnolia and Liriodendron. Taxon 24(5/6): 557-568. Tobe, J.D. 1993. A Molecular Systematic Study of Eastern North American Species of Magnolia L. Ph.D. thesis. Clemson University. Treseder, N.G. 1978. Magnolias. Boston. Vázquez-G., J.A. 1990. Taxonomy of the Genus Magnolia in Mexico and Central America. M.S. thesis. University of Wisconsin. Vázquez-G., J.A. 1994. Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) in Mexico and Central America: A synopsis. Brittonia 46(1): 1-23.

《Flora of China》|| Magnoliaceae || ||木兰属 Magnolia

2. Magnolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 535. 1753.

木兰属 mu lan shu

Trees or shrubs, evergreen. Bark usually gray and smooth or sometimes coarsely deeply furrowed. Twigs with annular stipular scar. Stipules membranous, free or adnate to petiole and leaving a stipular scar on petiole. Leaves spirally arranged, folded in bud, erect when young; leaf blade thickly papery or leathery, margin entire. Flowers terminal on terminal brachyblasts, solitary, bisexual, large, usually fragrant. Tepals 9-12, in 3 or 4 whorls, subequal. Stamens caducous; filaments flat; connective elongated, forming a short or long tip; anthers dehiscing introrsely. Gynoecium linked to androecium, without a gynophore. Carpels few to many, distinct; styles curved outward; ovules 2 per carpel or rarely in basal carpels 3 or 4; stigmas papillate, located in adaxial side of carpel. Fruit usually ovoid; mature carpels distinct, leathery or woody, dehiscing along dorsal sutures, apex long or shortly beaked. Seeds 1 or 2 per carpel; testa orangish red or bright red, fleshy, oily; endotesta rigid, hilum connected to placentation by filiform funiculus.

About 20 species: Central America, E and S North America, including Mexico and Antilles; one species (introduced) in China.