《中国植物志》|| 禾本科 GRAMINEAE ||高粱亚组 subsect. Sorghum ||高粱 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

8. 高粱（本草纲目）蜀黍（博物志）
Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench, Meth. Pl. 207. 1794; Snowden in Kew. Bull. 1935: 236. 1935 et Cult. Rac. Sorghum 106. 1936; Ohwi in Acta Phytotax. et Geobot. 11: 161. 1942; Hitchc. Man. Grass. U. S. 957. 1951; Bor, Grass. Burma Ceyl. Ind. Pakist. 227. f. 15. 1960; 台湾的禾草767. 1975; 台湾植物志5: 694. 1978; 西藏植物志5: 324. 1987. ——Holcus bicolor Linn. Mant. Alt. 301. 1771——Andropogon bicolor Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1. 1820.——Andropogon sorghum subsp. sativus var. vulgaris Hack. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6: 515. 1889.——Sorghum vulgare Pers Syn. Pl. 1: 101. 1805, p. p.中国主要植物图说•禾本科816. 1959, p. p.华东禾本科植物志271. 1962;海南植物志4: 470. 1977.
一年生草本。秆较粗壮，直立，高3-5米，横径2-5厘米，基部节上具支撑根。叶鞘无毛或稍有白粉；叶舌硬膜质，先端圆，边缘有纤毛；叶片线形至线状披针形，长40-70厘米，宽3-8厘米，先端渐尖，基部圆或微呈耳形，表面暗绿色，背面淡绿色或有白粉，两面无毛，边缘软骨质，具微细小刺毛，中脉较宽，白色。圆锥花序疏松，主轴裸露，长15-45厘米，宽4-10厘米，总梗直立或微弯曲；主轴具纵棱，疏生细柔毛，分枝3-7枚，轮生，粗糙或有细毛，基部较密；每一总状花序具3-6节，节间粗糙或稍扁；无柄小穗倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形，长4.5-6毫米，宽3.5-4.5毫米，基盘纯，有髯毛；两颖均革质，上部及边缘通常具毛，初时黄绿色，成熟后为淡红色至暗棕色；第一颖背部圆凸，上部1/3质地较薄，边缘内折而具狭翼，向下变硬而有光泽，具12-16脉，仅达中部，有横脉，顶端尖或具3小齿；第二颖7-9脉，背部圆凸，近顶端具不明显的脊，略呈舟形，边缘有细毛；外稃透明膜质，第一外稃披针形，边缘有长纤毛；第二外稃披针形至长椭圆形，具2-4脉，顶端稍2裂，自裂齿间伸出一膝曲的芒，芒长约14毫米；雄蕊3枚，花药长约3毫米；子房倒卵形；花柱分离，柱头帚状。颖果两面平凸，长3.5-4毫米，淡红色至红棕色，熟时宽2.5-3毫米，顶端微外露。有柄小穗的柄长约2.5毫米，小穗线形至披针形，长3-5毫米，雄性或中性，宿存，褐色至暗红棕色；第一颖9-12脉，第二颖7-10脉。花果期6-9月。染色体2n＝20（Celarier， 1958）。
我国南北各省区均有栽培。

《云南植物志》|| 禾本科 Poaceae (Gramineae) ||蜀黍属 Sorghum Moench ||蜀黍 Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench

1.蜀黍（张华：博物志）图版108：5—7
高粱（本草纲目）
Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench (1794); Ohwi (1942); Hitchc. (1951); Bor (1960); 台湾植物志 (1978); 西藏植物志 (1987).
Holcus bicolor Linn. (1771); H. saccharatus Linn. (1753), nom. confus.; Sorghum vulgare Pers. (1805), nom. superfl.; 中国主要植物图说•禾本科 (1959); 图鉴 (1976)*; 海南植物志 (1977); 江苏植物志 (1977); 四川植物志 (1988)* 贵州植物志 (1988).
一年生栽培作物。秆直立，粗壮，不中空，高2—4米，径可达2厘米，节上常有短柔毛。叶鞘大都短于节间，无毛或被白粉；叶舌硬膜质，先端圆，长约1—2毫米，它的背面及叶片基部附近有一圈长毛环生；叶片线状披针形或狭披针形，长30—60厘米，宽2—7厘米，先端长渐尖，无毛，边缘粗糙。圆锥花序稠密，长15—30厘米，宽3—10厘米；分枝近轮生，基部密被白色柔毛，常再数次分出小枝，末级小枝常具2—4节；穗轴节间短，长1—2毫米，不易折断；小穗孪生，但顶节有3枚小穗；无柄小穗常为阔椭圆形或倒卵形，长约5毫米，宽约3毫米；颖片在成熟时除上端及边缘有毛外，余均光滑无毛，且为硬革质，黄褐色至紫褐或紫黑色；第一颖中上部质地渐渐变为纸质，具不太明显的脉，边缘内卷，无脊；第二颖较第一颖狭，近舟形，背部圆形，无脊；第一外稃长椭圆形，长约5毫米，膜质透明，边缘内卷，有纤毛；第二外稃近三角形，2裂近中部，边缘有纤毛，芒自裂齿间伸出；芒长6—8毫米，膝曲，芒柱稍扭转；内稃狭小，有纤毛；花药3枚，长约2毫米；鳞被2枚，半圆形，上端截平，有长达1毫米的纤毛；有柄小穗柄短，雄性，但发育程度变化甚大。
云南省、我国及全球温暖地区广泛栽培，品种极多，如花序分枝的长短，颖片的色泽，茎的含糖量等均随品种的不同而异。
本种为我国黄河以北各地广泛栽培的主要旱粮之一。谷粒供食用，也为制糖、酒、淀粉等的好原料；据记载：秆含蛋白质9.95％，脂肪3.39％，粗纤维26.68％，灰分6.64％。茎叶供作牲畜饲料，也为造纸、编织、建盖屋顶等原料。雌蕊花柱及柱头入药能治肾脏病。

《Flora of China》|| Poaceae || Sorghum ||高粱 Sorghum bicolor

5. Sorghum bicolor (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus. 207. 1794.

高粱 gao liang

Holcus bicolor Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 2: 301. 1771; Andropogon bicolor (Linnaeus) Roxburgh; A. sorghum (Linnaeus) Brotero; A. sorghum var. technicus Körnicke; Holcus cernuus Arduino; H. dochna Forsskål; H. sorghum Linnaeus; Sorghum cernuum (Arduino) Host; S. dochna (Forsskål) Snowden; S. nervosum Besser ex Schultes; S. technicum (Körnicke) Roshevitz; S. vulgare Persoon, nom. illeg. superfl.

Annual. Culms erect, robust, 3–5 m tall, 2–5 cm in diam.; nodes glabrous or pubescent. Leaf sheaths glabrous or slightly farinose; leaf blades linear or linear-lanceolate, 40–70 × 3–8 cm, glabrous; ligule subrounded, ciliate. Panicle very variable, lax or dense, cylindrical or pyramidal to obovate in outline, up to 60 cm, main axis elongate to very short; primary branches ascending or spreading, lower branches sometimes almost as long as panicle, stiff or pendulous; racemes tough at maturity, composed of 2–6 spikelet pairs. Sessile spikelet variable, broadly obovate to subglobose, 3.5–5.5 mm; callus hispid; lower glume leathery to papery, glabrous to pilose, pale creamy-green to dark brown or blackish at maturity, upper lemma usually awned; awn 0.4–1.5 cm. Pedicelled spikelet male or barren, linear-lanceolate, persistent or deciduous. Caryopsis large, often exposed between the gaping glumes. Fl. and fr. Jun–Sep. 2n = 20.

Cultivated in China [native to Africa; widely cultivated in the tropics].

Sorghum bicolor is the important, tropical cereal sorghum. Originating in Africa, its cultivation for both grain and fodder spread throughout the tropics and subtropics of the Old World. It was introduced with the slave trade to America, including warm parts of the United States. It is now cultivated throughout most of China.

There is a multiplicity of forms of cultivated sorghum, derived by human selection and all fully interfertile. Some forms have sweet culms. Many species names have been proposed in the past in an attempt to categorize this variation, but they represent no more than intergrading cultivars within the common species pool.

The name Holcus saccharatus Linnaeus (Sorghum saccharatum (Linnaeus) Moench) has been identified as this species, but its application is uncertain (see Davidse & Turland in Taxon 50: 577–580. 2001) and the name has been formally rejected.

The principal races grown in China are as follows.

‘bicolor’

高粱 gao liang

Panicle loose with long branches, to 40 cm. Sessile spikelets broadly obovate; glumes leathery, glossy. Grain relatively small, enclosed within the glumes or only the top protruding.

Cultivated for grain; a primitive type.

‘cernuum’

弯头高粱 wan tou gao liang

Panicle elliptic or ovate-elliptic, dense, 8–20 cm, curved or erect. Sessile spikelets broadly ovate, whitish; glumes thin, papery, transversely wrinkled, densely white-villous to glabrescent. Grain pale, subrotund to orbicular, usually much flattened, protruding beyond the glumes.

Cultivated in Xinjiang for grain and forage.

‘dochna’

甜高粱 tian gao liang

Culms with sweet juice. Panicle elongate, to 50 cm; branches racemose or corymbose, the lower ones half as long as panicle or more. Sessile spikelets broadly elliptic to obovate; glumes crustaceous, striately veined above middle. Grain elliptic or elliptic-oblong, enclosed by the glumes or only slightly protruding.

Cultivated for grain and forage throughout most of China, including forms used for making brooms.

‘nervosum’

多脉高粱 duo mai gao liang

Panicle elongate, dense, elliptic in outline, to 40 cm. Sessile spikelets elliptic to broadly elliptic; glumes papery, prominently veined ± throughout. Grain broadly elliptic, protruding beyond the glumes.

Cultivated for grain, mainly in N China.