《中国植物志》|| 马兜铃科 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE ||细辛族 Trib. Asareae ||细辛属 Asarum L.

2.细辛属——Asarum L.
L. Sp. Pl. 422. 1753. ——Hexastylis Rafin. Neogenyt. 3. 1825. ——Heterotropa Morr. et. Decne. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2 (2) : 314. t. 10. 1834. ——Japonasarum Nakai Fl. Sylv. Kor. 21: 16. 1936.——Asiasarum Maekawa in Nakai Ic. 17. 1936.——Geotaenium Maekawa in Proceed. 7th. Pacific Sci. Congr. (New Zeal. ) 5: 219. 1953.
多年生草本；根状茎长而匍匐横生，或向上斜伸，或短而近直立；茎无或短；根常稍肉质，有芳香气和辛辣味。叶仅1-2或4枚，基生、互生或对生，叶片通常心形或近心形，全缘不裂；叶柄基部常具薄膜质芽苞叶。花单生于叶腋，多贴近地面，花梗直立或向下弯垂，花被整齐，1轮，紫绿色或淡绿色，基部多少与子房合生，子房以上分离或形成明显的花被管，花被裂片3，直立或平展，或外折；雄蕊通常12，2轮，稀减少，或具1-3个细小或瓣状不育雄蕊，花丝比花药长或短，花药通常外向纵裂，或外轮稍向内纵裂；子房下位或半下位，稀近上位，通常6室，中轴胎座，胚珠多数，花柱分离，顶端完整或2裂，或合生成柱状，顶端石裂，柱头顶生或侧生。蒴果浆果状，近球形，果皮革质，有时于腐烂时不规则开裂； 种子多数，椭圆状或椭圆状卵形，背面凸，腹面平坦，有肉质附属物。
本属的模式种：欧细辛Asarum europaeum L.
约90种，分布于较温暖的地区，主产亚洲东部和南部，少数种类分布亚洲北部、欧洲和北美洲。我国有30种、4变种、1变型，南北各地均有分布，长江流域以南各省区最多。
本属染色体数多为X=12或X=13，稀X=6。
本属多数种类含挥发油，主要成分为甲基丁香酚（methyleugenol )、黄樟醚( safrole) 及1，8-桉油精（1，8-cineol）、其他有沉香醇（linalool）、呋喃双叶细辛酮（furano-caule-sone）、双叶细辛内脂（caulesactone）、大屯细辛酮（asatone）、考罗内酯（caulo-lactone）A、B等。另外含有具强烈强心作用的生物碱一消旋去甲基衡州乌药碱(dl-demethyl coccu-laurine）。
本属绝大多数种类为药用植物，主要治风寒头痛、痰饮咳喘、关节疼痛、牙痛，或治跌打损伤。
本属分2亚属、5组、4系。

《云南植物志》|| 马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae nom. conserv. ||马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae nom. conserv. ||细辛属 Asarum L.

1.细辛属 Asarum L.
喜湿草本，具有肉质、芳香多年生的根茎，茎无或甚短。叶心形或肾形，仅1—2或4枚，基生，互生或近对生，全缘。花单生，贴近于地面，花被整齐，1轮，紫色或褐色，其基部多少与子房合生，子房以上分离或形成明显的花被管，花被裂片3，直立或平展，或外折；雄蕊通常12，2轮，稀减少，或具1—3个细小或瓣状不育雄蕊；子房下位或半下位，稀近上位，通常6室；中轴胎座，胚珠多数；花柱分离或合生成柱状，顶端6裂，柱头顶生或侧生。蒴果，球形，有时于腐烂时不规则开裂。
约90种，主产亚洲东部和南部，少数种分布亚洲北部、欧洲和北美洲。我国有30种，南北各地均有分布。云南产7种及1变种。
本属绝大多数种类为中草药。

《云南植物志》|| 马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae nom. conserv. ||马兜铃科 Aristolochiaceae nom. conserv. ||细辛属 Asarum L.

1.细辛属 Asarum L.
喜湿草本，具有肉质、芳香多年生的根茎，茎无或甚短。叶心形或肾形，仅1—2或4枚，基生，互生或近对生，全缘。花单生，贴近于地面，花被整齐，1轮，紫色或褐色，其基部多少与子房合生，子房以上分离或形成明显的花被管，花被裂片3，直立或平展，或外折；雄蕊通常12，2轮，稀减少，或具1—3个细小或瓣状不育雄蕊；子房下位或半下位，稀近上位，通常6室；中轴胎座，胚珠多数；花柱分离或合生成柱状，顶端6裂，柱头顶生或侧生。蒴果，球形，有时于腐烂时不规则开裂。
约90种，主产亚洲东部和南部，少数种分布亚洲北部、欧洲和北美洲。我国有30种，南北各地均有分布。云南产7种及1变种。
本属绝大多数种类为中草药。

《Flora of North America》|| Aristolochiaceae || || Asarum

2. Asarum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 442. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 201, 1754.

Wild-ginger; asaret, gingembre sauvage [Ancient Greek asaron, name of an unknown plant]

Alan T. Whittemore, Michael R. Mesler & Karen L. Lu

Herbs , perennial, deciduous, rhizomatous, without aerial stems. Leaves alternate (sometimes appearing opposite because of crowding), 2-ranked; stipules absent; petiolate foliage leaves and sessile, triangular scale-leaves both present. Leaf blade membranous or leathery, pubescent at least abaxially and on margins. Inflorescences terminal on rhizome, flowers solitary; bracts absent. Flowers: sepals distinct, usually mixture of white, green, tan, red, or purple, proximally touching valvately and forming well-defined false tube, externally usually villous, inner surface strigose, smooth or with weak longitudinal ribs, never with network of low ridges; vestigial petals present or absent; stamens 12, distinct; filaments longer than pollen sacs; terminal appendage of anther well developed; ovary inferior, 6-locular; styles connate in column. Capsule fleshy, dehiscence irregular. Seeds ovoid, not winged, with fleshy appendage. x = 13.

Species ca. 10 (6 in the flora): North America, Eurasia.

The species seem amply distinct, but herbarium material can be difficult to key for several reasons. First, the diagnostic colors of some organs (especially of the connective and the inner hairs of the calyx) often darken on drying. Second, immature flowers and young fruit are superficially similar to mature flowers, but color and posture of floral organs may be different at those stages. For instance, posture of the distal portion of sepals at anthesis (whether erect, spreading, or reflexed) is diagnostic for the species, but sepals in all species are erect in bud and in fruit. Third, as in Hexastylis , distortion of the flower in pressing makes it difficult to interpret calyx structure. In particular, the distinction between proximal portions of the sepals, which meet valvately to form a well-defined false calyx tube, and distal portions, which do not, is obvious in fresh material but often unclear in the herbarium.

The flowers of Asarum are predominantly self-pollinated, but they are occasionally visited by mycotrophic flies (K. L. Lu 1982).

SELECTED REFERENCES

Mesler, M. R. and K. L. Lu. 1990. The status of Asarum marmoratum (Aristolochiaceae). Brittonia 42: 33-37.

《Flora of China》|| Aristolochiaceae || ||细辛属 Asarum

2. Asarum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 422. 1753.

细辛属 xi xin shu

Asiasarum F. Maekawa; Geotaenium F. Maekawa; Heterotropa C. Morren & Decaisne; Japonasarum Nakai.

Herbs perennial; annual growth modules consisting of 2-4 cataphylls, 1 or 2 foliage leaves, and a terminal flower. Rhizomes short and vertical or long and horizontal; rhizomes and roots often pungently aromatic. Stems herbaceous. Foliage leaves solitary or paired on each growth module (when paired appearing opposite), usually long petiolate, often cordate or sagittate, margin entire. Flowers terminal, solitary (rarely paired). Perianth uniseriate, actinomorphic (rarely slightly zygomorphic). Calyx adnate to ovary to varying degrees; sepals either connate beyond attachment to ovary and forming a tube or free and forming false tube above ovary; tube cupular, urceolate, campanulate, funnelform, or cylindric, often ribbed or tessellate on adaxial surface, constricted or open at throat (orifice), throat with or without narrowly projected, contiguous shelf of tissue (orifice ring); lobes 3, erect, spreading, or reflexed. Stamens 12 in 2 series, rarely with 3 staminodes; filaments long to almost absent; anthers extrorse. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 6-loculed; carpels fully connate. Styles 6, free or united into column, apex entire or 2-lobed; stigma terminal or lateral. Fruit a fleshy or spongy capsule, splitting irregularly when ripe. Seeds convex dorsally, plane or grooved ventrally, with fleshy funicle at base. 2n = 12, 24, 26.

About 90 species: mostly in SE Asia, a few species in North America, one species endemic to Europe; 39 species (34 endemic) in China.

No material of Asarum sprengeri Pampanini (Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s., 18: 113. 1911) has been seen. It is possibly related to A. chinense. The unpublished name “Asarum campaniforme” is in use among horticulturalists for a plant of apparently Chinese origin, which has large bell-shaped flowers with whitish interior of the calyx tube and almost black calyx lobes.