《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||宽果组 Sect. Bidens ||狼杷草 Bidens tripartita L.

3. 狼杷草（开宝、本草、图考）鬼叉、鬼针、鬼刺、夜叉头 图版64: 1-2
Bidens tripartita L. Sp. Pl. 831. 1753; DC., Prodr. 5: 594. 1836; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 309. 1881; Forb. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 23: 436. 1888; 陈封怀, 静生汇报 5: 57. 1934; 林鎔, 北研丛刊, 2: 491. 1934; Hand. -Mazz., Symb. Sin. 7: 1109. 1936; Sherff in Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 16: 268. t. 67. fig. a. b. d-i. 1937; Kitamura in Mem. Col. Sci. Kyoto Univ. ser. B. 16: 271. 1942; 刘慎谔等, 东北植物检索表383. 1959; 裴鉴等, 江苏南部种子植物手册768. 1959; Vass. in Fl. URSS. 25: 557. 1959; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 495. 图6403. 1975.——B. tripartite L. f. limosa Komarov. In Act. Hort. Petrop. 25: 632. (Fl. Mansh.) 1907.——B. shimadai Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 8: 60. 1919.——B. tripartite var. cerrtuifolia Sherff in Bot. Gaz. 88: 288. 1929.——B. tripartita var. shimadai Yamamoto in Journ. Trop. Agric. 8: 271. 1936.
一年生草本。茎高20-150厘米，圆柱状或具钝棱而稍呈四方形，基部直径2-7毫米，无毛，绿色或带紫色，上部分枝或有时自基部分枝。叶对生，下部的较小，不分裂，边缘具锯齿，通常于花期枯萎，中部叶具柄，柄长0.8-2.5厘米，有狭翅；叶片无毛或下面有极稀疏的小硬毛，长4-13厘米，长椭圆状披针形，不分裂（极少）或近基部浅裂成一对小裂片，通常3-5深裂，裂深几达中肋，两侧裂片披针形至狭披针形，长3-7厘米，宽8-12毫米，顶生裂片较大，披针形或长椭圆状披针形，长5-11厘米，宽1.5-3厘米，两端渐狭，与侧生裂片边缘均具疏锯齿，上部叶较小，披针形，三裂或不分裂。头状花序单生茎端及枝端，直径1-3厘米，高1-1.5厘米，具较长的花序梗。总苞盘状，外层苞片5-9枚，条形或匙状倒披针形，长1-3.5厘米，先端钝，具缘毛，叶状，内层苞片长椭圆形或卵状披针形，长6-9毫米，膜质，褐色，有纵条纹，具透明或淡黄色的边缘；托片条状披针形，约与瘦果等长，背面有褐色条纹，边缘透明。无舌状花，全为筒状两性花，花冠长4-5毫米，冠檐4裂。花药基部钝，顶端有椭圆形附器，花丝上部增宽。瘦果扁，楔形或倒卵状楔形，长6-11毫米，宽2-3毫米，边缘有倒刺毛，顶端芒刺通常2枚，极少3-4枚，长2-4毫米，两侧有倒刺毛。
产东北、华北、华东、华中、西南及陕西、甘肃、新疆等省区。生于路边荒野及水边湿地。广布于亚洲、欧洲和非洲北部，大洋洲东南部亦有少量分布。模式标本采自欧洲。
全草入药，功效清热解毒。主治感冒、扁桃体炎、咽喉炎、肠炎、痢疾、肝炎、泌尿系感染、肺结核盗汗、闭经，外用治疖肿、湿疹、皮癣。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||鬼针草属 Bidens L. ||狼把草 Bidens tripartita L.

2. 狼把草 (开宝本草、本草拾遗、图考)
金盏银盘、鬼叉、鬼针、鬼刺、夜叉头、拔毒草
Bidens tripartita L. (1753); DC. (1836); Hook. f. (1881); Forb. et Hemsl. (1888); Chen (1934); Ling (1934); Hand.-Mazz. (1936); Sherff (1937)*; Kitam. (1942); Vass. (1959); S. Y. Hu (1965); Hara (1966); 图鉴 (1975)*; 中国植物志 (1979)*; Kitam. et Gould in Hara et al. (1982); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 西藏植物志 (1985)*; 秦岭植物志 (1985); 横断山区维管植物 (1994).
Bidens repens D. Don (1825); B. tripartita L. f. limosa Komarov. (1907); B. minuscula Levl. et Vant. (1910); B. shimadai Hayata (1919); B. tripartita L. var. repens (D. Don) Sherff (1926), (1937)*; Kitam. (1942); Hara (1952); S. Y. Hu (1965); Ohwi (1965); Lauener (1976); 中国植物志 (1979); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); B. tripartita L. var. cernuifolia Sherff (1929); B. tripartita L. var. shimadai Yamamoto (1936).
一年生草本，高30-130厘米。主根圆柱形，具多数长侧根和纤维状细根。茎直立，圆柱形，基部粗2-6毫米，具分枝，茎和枝具细纵棱，无毛，绿色或稍带紫色，基部节上常生不定根。叶对生，中部叶较大，叶柄长0.8-2.5厘米，具狭翅；叶片轮廓卵形或卵状三角形，长4-13厘米，宽2-4厘米，通常3-5深裂，中裂片较大，披针形或长椭圆状披针形，长5-11厘米，宽1.5-3厘米，侧裂片披针形或狭披针形，长3-7厘米，宽0.8-1.2厘米，全部裂片先端急尖，基部楔形，边缘具疏粗齿，表面绿色，无毛，背面淡绿色，近无毛或散生小硬毛，中脉在背面稍凸起，侧脉多数，极细；上部叶和下部叶较小，披针形，不分裂或分裂。头状花序单生于茎和分枝先端，径2-4 (-5) 厘米，全部为两性花；花序梗长1-8厘米，先端增粗，疏被短柔毛；总苞盘状；总苞片2层，外层5-9枚，叶状，条形或倒披针状匙形，长1-3厘米，先端钝或圆，边缘疏生缘毛，内层长椭圆形或卵状披针形，长6-8毫米，膜质，褐色，有纵纹，边缘淡黄色、透明；托片条状披针形，长5-10毫米，具褐色条纹，边缘膜质。两性花花冠管状，黄色，长3-4毫米，冠檐狭钟形，先端4齿裂，冠管细，稍长于冠檐，花药基部钝，先端具椭圆形的附器，花丝上部增宽。瘦果楔形或倒卵状楔形，压扁，长6-11毫米，上部宽2-3毫米，两侧边缘有倒刺，黑褐色，先端具2 (-4) 枚芒刺，芒刺长2-3毫米，两侧有倒钩刺。花果期8-11月。
产于德钦、维西、中甸、永胜、大关、西畴、屏边、砚山、绿春、昆明、富民、寻甸和元江、景东；生于海拔1200-3400米的沟谷密林下、山坡草地、水边或湿地。我国东北、华北、华东、华中、西南和西北有分布。广布于亚洲、欧洲和非洲北部，大洋洲东南部也有。
全草药用，清热解毒、透疹发表、利尿，治感冒、气管炎、肺结核、咽喉痛、痢疾；外用治毒蛇毒虫咬伤、湿疹、皮癣及丹毒。种子含油，供制油漆。

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Bidens ||狼杷草 Bidens tripartita

3. Bidens tripartita Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 831. 1753.

狼杷草 lang pa cao

Bidens repens D. Don; B. shimadae Hayata; B. tripartita var. quinqueloba C. H. An; B. tripartita var. repens (D. Don) Sherff; B. tripartita var. shimadae (Hayata) Yamamoto.

Annuals, 10-150 cm tall. Leaves sessile or petiolate; petiole (0-)5-15(-35) mm (± winged); blade elliptic to ovate or lanceolate, 40-80(-150) × 15-40(-60) mm, sometimes laciniately 1-pinnatisect with 1-4+ lobes near base, both surfaces glabrous or hirtellous, base cuneate, margin entire or dentate to serrate, usually ciliate, apex acute to acuminate. Capitula radiate or discoid, solitary or in 2s or 3s; peduncles 10-40(-80) mm; calycular bracts (2-)6 or 7(-10), spreading, oblanceolate or lanceolate to linear, ± leaflike, 7-35(-60) mm, abaxially hispidulous near bases, distally glabrous, margins entire or serrate, sometimes sparsely ciliate; involucres campanulate to hemispheric or broader, (4-)5-7(-12) × (3-)6-12(-15) mm; phyllaries (6 or)7 or 8(-13), elliptic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, (4-)6-9(-12) mm. Ray florets usually 0, sometimes 1-5; lamina orange yellowish, 4-8 mm. Disk florets (5-)20-60(-150); corollas pale yellow to orange, (2-)3-4 mm, apex 4- or 5-toothed. Achenes blackish to purplish or brown, ± flattened, sometimes weakly 3(or 4)-angled, usually cuneate to linear, outer (3-)6-7(-10) mm, inner (4-)6-9(-11) mm, faces ± 1-veined, usually smooth, seldom notably tuberculate, glabrous or sparsely strigillose, margin proximally antrorsely to patently, distally retrorsely, barbed, apices ± truncate to concave; pappus 0, or of 1-3(or 4) erect to spreading, retrorsely barbed awns (0.2-)2-3(-6) mm. Fl. Jul-Oct. 2n = 48.

Marshes and other wet sites, waste fields, roadsides. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Philippines, Russia; N Africa, Australia, Europe, North America].

This is a worldwide weed.

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Bidens || Bidens tripartita

22. Bidens tripartita Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 831. 1753.

Bident à trois divisions

Bidens comosa (A. Gray) Wiegand

Annuals, (5–)20–70(–200) cm. Leaves sessile or petioles 5–15(–35+) mm (± winged); blades ± elliptic to ovate or lanceolate, 40–80(–150+) × 15–40(–60+) mm, sometimes laciniately 1-pinnatisect with 1–4+ lobes near bases, bases cuneate, margins entire or dentate to serrate, usually ciliate, apices acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or hirtellous. Heads borne singly or in 2s or 3s. Peduncles 10–40(–80) mm. Calyculi of (2–)6–7(–10) ± spreading, oblanceolate or lanceolate to linear, ± foliaceous bractlets or bracts 7–35(–60) mm, margins (entire or serrate) sometimes sparsely ciliate, abaxial faces hispidulous near bases, distally glabrous. Involucres campanulate to hemispheric or broader, (4–)5–7(–12) × (3–)6–12(–15+) mm. Phyllaries (6–)7–8(–13), elliptic-ovate to lance-ovate, (4–)6–9(–12) mm. Ray florets usually 0, sometimes 1–5; laminae orange yellowish, 4–8 mm. Disc florets (5–)20–60(–150+); corollas pale yellow to orange, (2–)3–4 mm (gradually ampliate, anthers usually pale). Cypselae blackish to purplish or brown, ± flattened, sometimes weakly 3(–4)-angled, usually cuneate to linear, outer (3–)6–7(–10) mm, inner (4–)6–9(–11) mm, margins proximally antrorsely to patently, distally retrorsely, barbed, apices ± truncate to concave, faces ± 1-nerved, usually smooth, seldom notably tuberculate, glabrous or sparsely strigillose; pappi 0, or of (1–)3–3(–4+) ± erect to spreading, retrorsely barbed awns (0.2–)2–3(–6) mm. 2n = 48.

Flowering Aug–Oct. Marshes and other wet sites; 10–1700 m; Alta., B.C., Man., Que.; Ala., Alaska, Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe; Asia; n Africa; introduced in Pacific Islands, Australia.

Plants with cypsela mid-nerves strongly developed (cypselae more or less strongly 4-angled and, often, tuberculate) that are treated below as Bidens connata have been included in B. tripartita, perhaps rightly so. And some botanists have included (or advocated inclusion of) B. eatonii, B. heterodoxa, and/or B. infirma in B. tripartita, as well, perhaps rightly so.