《中国植物志》|| 毛茛科 RANUNCULACEAE ||毛茛亚族 Subtrib. Ranunculinae ||毛茛属 Ranunculus L.

38. 毛茛属——Ranunculus L.
L. Syst. ed. 1. 1735; Sp. pl. 1: 548. 1753.
多年生或少数一年生草本，陆生或部分水生。须根纤维状簇生，或基部粗厚呈纺锤形，少数有根状茎。茎直立、斜升或有匍匐茎。叶大多基生并茎生，单叶或三出复叶，3浅裂至3深裂，或全缘及有齿；叶柄伸长，基部扩大成鞘状。花单生或成聚伞花序；花两性，整齐，萼片5，绿色，草质，大多脱落；花瓣5，有时6至10枚，黄色，基部有爪，蜜槽呈点状或杯状袋穴，或有分离的小鳞片覆盖；雄蕊通常多数，向心发育，花药卵形或长圆形，花丝线形；心皮多数，离生，含1胚珠，螺旋着生于有毛或无毛的花托上；花柱腹面生有柱头组织。聚合果球形或长圆形；瘦果卵球形或两侧压扁，背腹线有纵肋，或边缘有棱至宽翼，果皮有厚壁组织而较厚，无毛或有毛，或有刺及瘤突，喙较短，直伸或外弯。染色体大型，基数为7。
约有400种，全世界的温寒地带广布，多数分布于亚洲和欧洲。我国有78种9变种，全国广布，多数种分布于西北和西南高山地区。
本属不少植物的茎叶中，含有毛茛甙，分解后为原白头翁素，有强烈刺激性，用作引赤发泡，敷穴位，可治疗多种疾病；也能杀虫；如毛茛、茴茴蒜、石龙芮，禺毛茛、扬子毛茛等都是常用草药，又猫爪草的块根是治疗淋巴结核的有效药。

《云南植物志》|| 毛茛科 Ranunculaceae ||毛茛科 Ranunculaceae ||毛茛属 Ranunculus L.

25. 毛茛属 Ranunculus L.
多年生或一年生草本植物。茎通常有叶。叶基生和茎生，为单叶或一至二回三出复叶。花与叶对生，或单生茎顶端，或组成顶生的单歧聚伞花序，两性；萼片通常5片，稀具附属物；花瓣5（6—10）片，黄色，有短爪，在爪上有一蜜槽，后者有时被一小鳞片覆盖；雄蕊多数，稀少数，花丝狭线形；心皮多数，螺旋状排列于圆锥状的花托上，子房有1枚胚珠，花柱存在或不存在，柱头通常不存在。聚合果球形、卵球形或长圆形；瘦果两侧面多少鼓起，无边缘或两侧强烈扁压，扁平，沿背、腹缝线有边缘或翅，表面平滑或有瘤状突起或刺。
约有600种，广布世界各大洲。中国约有120种，除海南外，广布其他各省区。云南有34种。
毛茛属植物含毛茛甙、原白头翁素、白头翁素等化学成分，可供药用，如茴茴蒜 R. chinensis 和毛茛 R. japonicus 的全草外敷可引赤发泡，有消炎、退肿、截疟等效，禺毛茛 R. cantoniensis 的全草捣烂外擦，可治跌打损伤等症，扬子毛茛 R. sieboldii 的全草捣烂外敷，治肿毒、疮毒等，高原毛茛 R. tanguticus 的全草治感冒，止咳，外用治牛皮癣。本属植物均属有毒植物，可用作土农药，杀蚊、蝇等的幼虫。

《Flora of China》|| Ranunculaceae || ||毛茛属 Ranunculus

34. Ranunculus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 548. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 243; 1754.

毛茛属 mao gen shu

Wang Wencai; Michael G. Gilbert

Herbs perennial or annual, terrestrial or rarely aquatic. Stems usually leafy. Leaves usually both basal and along stem, lower leaves petiolate, petiole expanded into sheath at base; leaf blade simple, palmately divided, 1- or 2-ternate or, rarely, pinnate. Inflorescence a solitary terminal or leaf-opposed flower, or a simple or compound monochasium. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic. Receptacle ± convex, sometimes forming androgynophore (Ranunculus angustisepalus). Sepals (3--)5(--7), usually greenish, occasionally dark reddish or purple, very rarely abaxial sepal appendiculate (R. angustisepalus), deciduous or, rarely, persistent. Petals (3--)5(--10), yellow, rarely white, exceptionally red (not in Flora area), base shortly clawed, with foveolate adaxial nectary pit which is sometimes covered by a scale. Stamens numerous or rarely few. Carpels numerous, sessile or rarely stalked (R. podocarpus); ovule 1 per carpel, basal; style usually present, with adaxial stigmatic tissue, sometimes absent; distinct stigma usually absent. Fruit aggregate, globose, ovoid, or cylindric, with numerous achenes. Achenes ovoid, obovoid, or slightly to strongly bilaterally compressed, smooth, sometimes tuberculate or spiny, sometimes marginate or winged along sutures, usually greenish, black in R. melanogynus. Seeds with a copious endosperm and small embryo.

About 550 species: widespread on all continents except Antarctica, mainly in N temperate regions; 125 species (66 endemic) in China.

Much use has to be made of the form of the leaf blade which varies from simple and entire through to ternately compound. The following terms are used in this account: 3-sect, i.e., divided almost to petiole so as to be almost compound; 3-partite, i.e., divided for half or more of the length of the leaf blade; 3-fid, i.e., divided for less than half of the length of the leaf blade; and 3-lobed, i.e., shallowly and irregularly divided. Some species are very variable and hence have been keyed out several times in the following key.

Species nos. 1–81 in this account belong to Ranunculus sect. Auricomus (Spach) Tamura, a taxonomically difficult group in which apomixis is known to occur.

《Flora of North America》|| Ranunculaceae || || Ranunculus

2. Ranunculus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 548. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 243, 1754.

Buttercup, crowfoot, renoncule [Latin rana, frog, unculus, little, allusion to the wet habitats in which some species grow]

Alan T. Whittemore

Herbs , annual or perennial, from tuberous roots, caudices, rhizomes, stolons, or bulbous stem bases. Leaves basal, cauline, or both, simple, variously lobed or parted, or compound, all petiolate or distal leaves sessile; cauline leaves alternate (rarely a distal pair opposite in Ranunculus sect. Flammula ). Leaf blade reniform to linear, margins entire, crenate, or toothed. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, 2-50-flowered cymes to 25 cm or solitary flowers; bracts present or absent, small or large and leaflike, not forming involucre. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetric; sepals sometimes persistent in fruit, 3-5(-6), green or sometimes purple, yellow, or white, plane (base saccate in R . ficaria ), oblong to elliptic, ovate, or lanceolate, 1-15 mm; petals 0-22(-150), distinct, yellow, rarely white, red, or green, plane, linear to orbiculate, 1-26 mm; nectary present, usually covered by scale; stamens (5-)10-many; filaments filiform; staminodes absent between stamens and pistils; pistils 4-250, simple; ovule 1 per ovary; style present or absent. Fruits achenes, rarely utricles, aggregate, sessile, discoid, lenticular, globose, obovoid, or cylindric, sides sometimes veined; beak present or absent, terminal, straight or curved, 0-4.5 mm. x = 7, 8.

Species about 300 (76 in the flora): worldwide except lowland tropics.

Most Ranunculus species are poisonous to stock; when abundant, they may be troublesome to ranchers. A few species with acrid juice were formerly used as vesicatories. The genus is badly in need of biosystematic work. Apomixis and interspecific hybridization occur in several Old World groups of buttercups; some of the taxonomic complexity of the New World species probably results from these processes.

Considerable disagreement exists among authors on the proper generic and infrageneric classification of Ranunculus . Most of the subgenera accepted here have been treated as separate genera at one time or another. All recent studies have been based on local or continental floras, however, and classifications proposed for one region may not work for the plants of other regions. Like most North American workers, I have followed the generic and infrageneric classification of L. D. Benson (1948), who gave by far the most thorough and best documented study of the problem. The genus and its subdivisions should be studied on a worldwide basis.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Benson, L. D. 1948. A treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 40: 1-261. Benson, L. D. 1954. Supplement to a treatise on the North American Ranunculi. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 52: 328-369. Cook, C. D. K. 1966. A monographic study of Ranunculus subgenus Batrachium (DC.) A. Gray. Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 6: 47-237. Duncan, T. 1980. A taxonomic study of the Ranunculus hispidus Michaux complex in the Western Hemisphere. Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 77: 1-125. Nesom, G. L. 1993. Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) in Nuevo León, with comments on the R. petiolaris group. Phytologia 75: 391-398.

《Flora of China》|| Ranunculaceae || ||毛茛属 Ranunculus

34. Ranunculus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 548. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 243; 1754.

毛茛属 mao gen shu

Wang Wencai; Michael G. Gilbert

Herbs perennial or annual, terrestrial or rarely aquatic. Stems usually leafy. Leaves usually both basal and along stem, lower leaves petiolate, petiole expanded into sheath at base; leaf blade simple, palmately divided, 1- or 2-ternate or, rarely, pinnate. Inflorescence a solitary terminal or leaf-opposed flower, or a simple or compound monochasium. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic. Receptacle ± convex, sometimes forming androgynophore (Ranunculus angustisepalus). Sepals (3--)5(--7), usually greenish, occasionally dark reddish or purple, very rarely abaxial sepal appendiculate (R. angustisepalus), deciduous or, rarely, persistent. Petals (3--)5(--10), yellow, rarely white, exceptionally red (not in Flora area), base shortly clawed, with foveolate adaxial nectary pit which is sometimes covered by a scale. Stamens numerous or rarely few. Carpels numerous, sessile or rarely stalked (R. podocarpus); ovule 1 per carpel, basal; style usually present, with adaxial stigmatic tissue, sometimes absent; distinct stigma usually absent. Fruit aggregate, globose, ovoid, or cylindric, with numerous achenes. Achenes ovoid, obovoid, or slightly to strongly bilaterally compressed, smooth, sometimes tuberculate or spiny, sometimes marginate or winged along sutures, usually greenish, black in R. melanogynus. Seeds with a copious endosperm and small embryo.

About 550 species: widespread on all continents except Antarctica, mainly in N temperate regions; 125 species (66 endemic) in China.

Much use has to be made of the form of the leaf blade which varies from simple and entire through to ternately compound. The following terms are used in this account: 3-sect, i.e., divided almost to petiole so as to be almost compound; 3-partite, i.e., divided for half or more of the length of the leaf blade; 3-fid, i.e., divided for less than half of the length of the leaf blade; and 3-lobed, i.e., shallowly and irregularly divided. Some species are very variable and hence have been keyed out several times in the following key.

Species nos. 1–81 in this account belong to Ranunculus sect. Auricomus (Spach) Tamura, a taxonomically difficult group in which apomixis is known to occur.