《中国植物志》|| 天南星科 ARACEAE ||天南星族 Trib. Areae Engl. ||犁头尖属 Typhonium Schott

31．犁头尖属——Typhonium Schott
Schott in Wien. Zeitschr. 3: 72. 1829.
多年生草本。块茎小。叶多数，和花序柄同时出现。叶柄稍长，稀于顶部生珠芽；叶片箭状戟形或3-5浅裂、3裂或鸟足状分裂，集合脉3，2条接近边缘，第三条较远离。花序柄短，稀伸长；佛焰苞管部席卷，喉部多少收缩；檐部后期后仰，卵状披针形或披针形，多少渐尖，常紫红色、稀白色。肉穗花序两性：雌花序短，与雄花序之间有一段较长的间隔，附属器各式，大都具短柄，基部近截形、圆锥形、线状圆锥形、棒状或纺锤形。花单性，无花被。雄花：雄蕊1-3，花药近无柄，压扁状，药隔薄，有时稍突出于药室之上，药室卵圆形，对生或近对生，由顶部向下开裂或顶孔开裂。雌花：子房卵圆形或长圆状卵圆形，1室，胚珠1-2，卵圆形或近葫芦形，珠柄短，着生于室基；无花柱；柱头半头状。中性花同型或异型：下部的与雌花相邻（假雌蕊），棒状、匙状、钻状或疣状，或隐失，或圆柱状线形，或几成钻形；上部的细小。浆果卵圆形，种子1-2，球形，顶部锐尖，有皱纹，珠柄与种阜汇合，种皮薄，珠孔稍凸出。胚乳丰富，胚具轴。
35种。分布于印度至马来西亚一带。我国有13种，南北均有。

《云南植物志》|| 天南星科 Araceae ||天南星科 Araceae ||犁头尖属 Typhonium Schott

22．犁头尖属 Typhonium Schott
多年生草本。块茎小。叶多数，和花序柄同时出现。叶柄稍长，稀于顶部生珠芽；叶片箭状戟形或3—5浅裂，3裂，或鸟足状分裂，集合脉3，2条接近叶缘，第三条较远离。花序柄短，稀伸长；佛焰苞管部席卷，喉部多少缢缩，檐部后期后仰，卵状披针形或披针形，多少渐尖，紫红色，稀白色。肉穗花序：雌花序短，与雄花序之间有一段较长的间隔。附属器各式，大都具短柄，基部近截形，圆锥形或线状钻形，花单性，无花被。雄花：雄蕊1－3，花药近无柄，药隔细，有时稍突出于药室之上，药室卵圆形，对生或近对生，由顶部向下开裂或顶孔开裂。雌花：子房卵圆形或长圆状卵圆形，1室，1—2个胚珠，胚珠卵圆形或近葫芦形，珠柄短、着生于基底；无花柱；柱头无柄，半头状。中性花残遗物同型或异型：下部的与雌蕊相邻，棒状、匙状、钻状甚或为疣状或隐失，基部细狭，或圆柱状线形，或几成钻形；上部的细小。浆果卵国形，1—2个种子；种子球形，顶部近锐尖，有绉纹，珠柄与种阜合生，种皮薄，珠孔稍凸出；胚乳丰富；胚具轴。
34种，分布于我国华北至印度、马来西亚地区。我国有13种，南北均有。云南有8种。

《Flora of China》|| Araceae || ||犁头尖属 Typhonium

18. Typhonium Schott, Wiener Z. Kunst. 1829: 732. 1829.

犁头尖属 li tou jian shu

Authors: Heng Li & Wilbert L. A. Hetterscheid

Herbs, seasonally dormant. Underground part a long or short tuberous rhizome. Leaves entire, sagittate-hastate, 3-lobed or -partite. Inflorescence simultaneous with or preceding leaves; peduncle short or long. Spathe divided into a strongly convolute basal part with a ± strong apical constriction and a spreading lanceolate to ovate-triangular limb. Spadix as long as or longer than spathe, with 4 zones: a proximal female zone, an intermediate sterile zone with staminodes all over (in Typhonium flagelliforme only) or only at base, a male zone, and a sessile or stipitate appendix. Female flowers 1-loculed with 1 or 2(or 3) orthotropous basal ovules. Staminodes variable, spatulate to filamentous or variously reduced. Male flowers with 1-3 stamens opening by slits or pores; connective sometimes prolonged. Fruiting zone with spathe remaining (sometimes splitting open at maturity); berries ovoid, 1(or 2)-seeded. Seeds with endosperm.

About 50 species: from India to Polynesia; distributions in Africa and the West Indies are the result of human introductions; nine species (four endemic) in China.

The number of species given here for China is expected to be a considerable underestimation in view of the high species numbers in N Thailand and N Vietnam.

Recent molecular investigation of the tribe Areae (Cusimano et al, Taxon 59: 439-447. 2010) suggested that Typhonium sensu Hetterscheid and Boyce (Aroideana 23: 48-55. 2000) is polyphyletic and transferred several species to Sauromatum. The latter genus in its new monophyletic circumscription was shown not to be the direct sister genus to Typhonium sensu stricto.