《中国植物志》|| 防己科 MENISPERMACEAE ||青牛胆属 Tinospora Miers ||波叶青牛胆 Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thoms.

2. 波叶青牛胆（云南植物志） 发冷藤（广西龙州） 图版5：1-5
Tinospora crispa (Linn.) Hook. f. et Thoms. Fl. Ind. 1: 183. 1855; Miers, Contr. Bot. 3: 34. 1871; Gagnep. in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 132. 1908; Merr. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 19: 341. 1938 et 20: 266. 1939; Forman in Kew Bull. 36: 394. 1981; 云南植物志3: 231. 1983; Lo et S. Y. Zhao in Guihaia 6: 50. 1986.——Menispermum crispum Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 1468. 1763. ——Tinospora rumphii Boerl. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 116. 1901, nom. illegit. ; Diels in Engler, Pflanzenreich IV. 94: 135. 1910; Merr. Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 220. 1917; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 260.1929. ——T. thorelii Gagnep. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 55: 46. 1908, p. p. quoad Specimina mascula, et in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 1: 130. 1908, p. p.; 中国高等植物图鉴补编1: 490. 1982.——T. mastersii Diels in Engler, Pflanzenreich IV. 94: 140. 1910; Lien in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13: 37. fig. 1. 1975. ——T. gibbericaulis Hand. -Mazz. in Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien Math. -Nat. 60: 95. 1923.
稍肉质的落叶藤本，常有细长的气根；枝具薄膜状褐色表皮，光滑无毛，皮孔小瘤状，大而隆起。叶稍肉质，阔卵状心形至心状近圆形，长、宽均约6-13厘米，顶端短渐尖，两面无毛；掌状脉常5条；叶柄通常与叶片近等长或稍长。总状花序先叶抽出，常2-3个簇生，不分枝或偶有一短分枝，雄花序长5-10厘米或更长，纤细，雄花：萼片2轮，均绿色，无毛，每轮3片，外轮小，近卵形，长约1毫米，内轮大，近倒卵形，长约2.5-3毫米；花瓣3-6，黄色，倒卵状匙形，长1.6-2.5毫米；雄蕊6，与花瓣近等长；雌花和雌花序均未见。核果与上种相似。花期春季，果期夏季。
产于云南西双版纳一带。常生于疏林中或灌丛中，广东和广西有栽培。分布于印度、中南半岛至马来群岛，野生或栽培。
据记载，茎含有一种生物碱 picroretine, 用途未详。民间谓茎藤有清热解毒的功效。

《云南植物志》|| 防己科 Menispermaceae ||青牛胆属 Tinospora Miers ex Hook. f. et Thoms. ||波叶青牛胆 Tinospora crispa (Linn.) Miers ex Hook. f. et Thoms.

2．波叶青牛胆
绿藤
Tinospora crispa (Linn.) Miers ex Hook. f. et Thoms.(1855); Merr. (1939).
T. gibbericaulis Hand.-Mazz. (1924).
稍肉质落叶藤本，常有多数细而长的气根；枝具薄膜状褐色表皮，光滑无毛，有许多小疣突状皮孔。叶稍肉质，干时膜质，阔卵状心形至心状近圆形，长、宽均约6—13厘米，顶端短渐尖，两面无毛；掌状脉常5条；叶柄通常与叶片近等长或稍长。总状花序先叶抽出，常2—3个簇生，不分枝或偶有一短分枝，雄花序长5—10厘米或更长，纤细；雄花：萼片绿色，无毛，外轮3片小，近卵形，长约1毫米，内轮大，近倒卵形或椭圆形，长约3毫米；花瓣3，黄色，倒卵状匙形，长约2—2.5毫米；雄蕊6，与花瓣近等长。雌花和雌花序均未见。核果和上种相似。
产云南西双版纳一带；常生疏林或灌丛。印度、中南半岛至马来群岛也有。
据记载，茎含有一种生物碱（picroretine），用途未详。民间谓茎藤有清热解毒的功效。

《Flora of China》|| Menispermaceae || Tinospora ||波叶青牛胆 Tinospora crispa

2. Tinospora crispa (Linnaeus) J. D. Hooker & Thomson, Fl. Ind. 1: 183. 1885.

波叶青牛胆 bo ye qing niu dan

Menispermum crispum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 1468. 1763; Tinospora gibbericaulis Handel-Mazzetti; T. mastersii Diels; T. rumphii Boerlage; T. thorelii Gagnepain.

Deciduous vines, glabrous, often producing very long aerial roots. Old stems fleshy, with very prominent blunt tubercles. Younger stems slightly fleshy, epidermis thin, membranous, brownish, glabrous; lenticels large and prominently raised. Petiole 5-15(-30) cm, glabrous; leaf blade broadly ovate to orbicular, 6-13 × 6-13 cm, slightly fleshy, very thinly papery when dried, both surfaces glabrous, base deeply to shallowly cordate, lobes rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate, palmately 5(-7)-veined, abaxial basal vein axils with shallow glabrous pockets. Inflorescences racemose, unbranched or oc-casionally shortly branched, appearing before leaves, flowers 2- or 3-fascicled. Male inflorescences very slender, 5-10 cm or longer. Male flowers: sepals 6 in 2 whorls, green, glabrous, outer 3 ovate, ca. 1 mm, inner 3 obovate, 2.5-3 mm; petals 3-6, yellow, obovate-spatulate, 1.6-2.5 mm; stamens 6, as long as petals. Female inflorescences 2-6 cm, flowers mostly 1 per node. Female flowers: sepals and petals as in male; staminodes 6, to 1 mm; carpels 3, ca. 2 mm, stigma lobes very short. Fruiting peduncle 15-20 mm; carpophores 2-3 mm. Drupes orange, subglobose, to 2 cm when fresh; endocarp semiovoid, 11-13 × 7-9 mm, with conspicuous ridge abaxially, surface finely rugulose to almost smooth, adaxial aperture elliptic, small. Fl. spring, fr. summer.

Open forest or shrublands. S Yunnan (Xishuangbanna) [Cambodia, NE India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand].

Tinospora crispa is widely used for a variety of internal complaints. Female plants have rarely been collected, suggesting that it has largely been distributed by the vegetative propagation of male plants for medicinal purposes.