《云南植物志》|| 松科 Pinaceae nom. conserv. ||松科 Pinaceae nom. conserv. ||落叶松属 Larix Mill.

6．落叶松属Larix Mill．
落叶乔木；树皮纵裂成较厚块片；大枝平展，树冠尖塔形或圆锥形，枝叶稀疏。枝分长枝与短枝，枝梢下垂或不下垂；冬芽形小，近圆球形，芽鳞先端钝，排列紧密。叶条形，柔软，淡绿色，上面平或中脉隆起，下面中脉隆起，两侧有气孔线或无；叶横切面具树脂道2个，边生，稀中生。雌雄球花均单生短枝顶端，春季与叶同放；雄球花近球形或长圆形，黄色；雌球花近球形，苞鳞显著，红色或绿紫色。球果当年成熟，直立，形小或较大，圆柱形、卵状圆柱形、卵圆形或近球形、种鳞革质，宿存；苞鳞露出或不露出；种子形小，上部具膜质长翅；子叶通常6—8枚，发芽时出土。
约18种，分布北半球的亚洲。欧洲及北美洲的温带高山及温带、寒带地区。我国有10种，1变种，分布东北大小兴安岭、老爷岭、长白山、辽宁西北部、河北北部、山西、陕西秦岭、甘肃南部、四川北部、西部与西南部、云南西北部、西藏南部及东部、新疆阿尔泰山及天山东部；常组成大面积单纯林，或与其它针阔叶树种混生，均为优良的用材树种。能耐严寒，喜光性强，多为浅根性，生长较快，是各产区森林更新及荒山造林的重要树种。另引入栽培2种，作造林树与庭园树。云南有2种。
木材有树脂道，心边材区别明显，质坚韧，结构细致，纹理通直，耐水湿，抗腐蚀性强。可供建筑、桥梁、舟车、电杆、家具、器具及木纤维工业原料等用。树皮可提取栲胶；种子可榨油。亦可栽培为庭园观赏树。

《中国植物志》|| 松科 PINACEAE Lindl. ||落叶松亚科 LARICOIDEAE Melchior et Werd. ||落叶松属 Larix Mill.

7. 落叶松属——Larix Mill.
Mill. Gard. Dict. 2: 2. 1754, sp. no. 3 excl.
落叶乔木；小枝下垂或不下垂，枝条二型：有长枝和由长枝上的腋芽长出而生长缓慢的距状短枝；冬芽小，近球形，芽鳞排列紧密，先端钝。叶在长枝上螺旋状散生，在短枝上呈簇生状，倒披针状窄条形，扁平，稀呈四棱形，柔软，上面平或中脉隆起，有气孔线或无，下面中脉隆起，两侧各有数条气孔线，横切面有2个树脂道，常边生，位于两端靠近下表皮，稀中生。球花单性，雌雄向株，雄球花和雌球花均单生于短枝顶端，春季与叶同时开放，基部具膜质苞片，着生球花的短枝顶端有叶或无叶；雄球花具多数雄蕊，雄蕊螺旋状着生，花药2，药室纵裂，药隔小、鳞片状，花粉无气囊；雌球花直立，珠鳞形小，螺旋状着生，腹面基部着生两个倒生胚珠，向后弯曲，背面托以大而显著的苞鳞，苞鳞膜质，直伸、反曲或向后反折，中肋延长成尖头，受精后珠鳞迅速长大而苞鳞不长大或略为增大. 球果当年成熟，直立，具短梗，幼嫩球果通常紫红色或淡红紫色，稀为绿色，成熟前绿色或红褐色，熟时球果的种鳞张开；种鳞革质，宿存；苞鳞短小，不露出或微露出，或苞鳞较种鳞为长，显著露出，露出部分直伸或向后弯曲或反折，背部常有明显的中肋，中肋常延长成尖头；发育种鳞的腹面有两粒种子，种子上部有膜质长翅；子叶通常6-8枚，发芽时出土。
本属的模式种：欧洲落叶松Larix decidua Mill. (Pinus larix Linn.)
本属约18种，分布于北半球的亚洲、欧洲及北美洲的温带高山与寒温带、寒带地区。我国产10种1变种，分布于东北大、小兴安岭、老爷岭、长白山、辽宁西北部、河北北部、山西、陕西秦岭、甘肃南部、四川北部、西部及西南部、云南西北部、西藏南部及东部、新疆阿尔泰山及天山东部。常组成大面积单纯林，或与其他针阔叶树种混生。均系优良的用材树种，能耐严寒的气候环境，喜光性强，多为浅根性，生长较快，为上述各产区森林中的主要树种，也是各产区今后森林更新或荒山造林的重要树种。另引人栽培2种，作造林树与庭园树。
木材有树脂道，心材、边材区别显明，质坚韧，结构细致，纹理直，耐水湿，抗腐性强。可供建筑、桥梁、舟车、电杆、家具、器具及木纤维工业原料等用。树皮可提栲胶；种子可榨油。亦可栽培作庭园树。

《Flora of North America》|| Pinaceae || || Larix

4. Larix Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. vol. 2. 1754.

Larch, mélèze, mélèze laricin [Latin larix, name for larch]

William H. Parker

Trees deciduous; crown sparse, open. Bark silver-gray to gray-brown on young trees, becoming reddish brown to brown, smooth initially, scaly to thickened and furrowed with age. Branches whorled; short (spur) shoots prominent on twigs 2 years or more old, each bearing leaves (needles), and often pollen cone, or seed cone; lateral long shoots (sylleptic branches) sometimes produced by current-year growth increments; leaf scars many. Buds rounded. Leaves in tufts of 10--60 on short (spur) shoots or borne singly on 1st-year long shoots, deciduous, ± flattened, with abaxial keel, sessile, base decurrent, sheath absent, apex pointed or rounded; resin canals 2. Pollen cones solitary, ovoid-cylindric, yellowish. Seed cones maturing in 1 season, persisting several years, erect, globose to ovoid, usually terminal on short shoots and thus appearing stalked, sometimes sessile on 1-year-old long shoots; scales persistent, circular to oblong-obovate, thin, lacking apophysis and umbo; bracts included or exserted. Seeds winged; cotyledons 4--6. x =12.

Species 10 (3 in the flora): boreal and cold north temperate areas, North America, Eurasia.

Species of Larix are present in most boreal regions; they often form only a minor component of the vegetation. Some are important for their hard, heavy, and decay-resistant wood. Only a few have received any horticultural attention; some cultivars exist for the most commonly cultivated Old World larches, L . decidua Miller and L . kaempferi (Lambert) Carrière, but almost none for the North American species.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Arno, S.F. and J.R. Habeck. 1972. Ecology of alpine larch (Larix lyallii Parl.) in the Pacific Northwest. Ecol. Monogr. 42: 417--450. Bakowsky, O.A. 1989. Phenotypic Variation in Larix lyallii and Relationships in the Larch Genus. M.Sc.F. thesis. Lakehead University. Carlson,C. 1965. Interspecific Hybridization of Larix occidentalis and Larix lyallii. M.Sc.F. thesis. University of Montana. Dickinson, T.A., W.H. Parker, and R.E. Strauss. 1987. Another approach to leaf shape comparisons. Taxon 36: 1--20. Knudsen, G.M. 1968. Chemotaxonomic Investigation of Hybridization between Larix occidentalis and Larix lyallii. M.Sc.F. thesis. University of Montana. Owens, J.N. and S.Simpson. 1986. Pollen from conifers native to British Columbia. Canad. J. Forest Res. 16: 955--967. Parker, W.H. and T.A. Dickinson. 1990. Range-wide morphological and anatomical variation in Larix laricina. Canad. J. Bot. 68: 832--840. Powell, G. R. 1987. Syllepsis in Larix laricina: Analysis of tree leaders with and without sylleptic long shoots. Canad. J. Forest Res. 17: 490--498.

《Flora of China》|| Pinaceae || ||落叶松属 Larix

3. Larix Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. 1: [744]. 1754.

落叶松属 luo ye song shu

Trees deciduous; branches irregularly whorled, spreading; branchlets strongly dimorphic: long branchlets with leaves present only in 1st year, older parts with leaves in dense tufts on lateral short branchlets developed from axillary buds. Leaves spirally arranged on long branchlets, in dense clusters of 15-50 or more on short branchlets, sessile, turning yellow and falling in autumn, linear-needlelike, flattened, longitudinally keeled adaxially, sometimes also slightly so abaxially, ca. 1.8 mm wide, flexible, stomatal lines abaxial or on each surface, vascular bundle 1, resin canals 2, usually marginal. Cones borne at apex of short branchlets, solitary. Pollen not saccate, with a narrow, equatorial ridge. Seed cones shortly pedunculate, usually erect, purplish, reddish, or rarely green, maturing in 1st year. Seed scales thin, ± leathery, opening to release seeds, persistent. Bracts included or exserted, ovate or lanceolate, midvein prominent abaxially, forming an apical cusp. Seeds small; wing persistent, relatively long, membranous. Cotyledons 6-8. Germination epigeal. 2n = 24*.

Fifteen species: boreal and temperate regions of Asia, Europe, and North America; 11 species (four endemic, two introduced) in China.