《中国植物志》|| 薯蓣科 DIOSCOREACEAE ||基生翅组 Sect. Opsophyton Uline ||黄独 Dioscorea bulbifera L.

26. 黄独（中国药用植物志）黄药（本草原始），山慈姑（植物名实图考），零余子薯蓣 （俄、拉、汉种子植物名称），零余薯（广州植物志、海南植物志），黄药子（江苏、安徽、浙江、云南等省药材名），山慈姑（云南楚雄）图版26: 1-5
Dioscorea bulbifera L. sp. Pl. 1033. 1753; Prain et Burkill in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. n. s. 10: 26. 1914; Merr. Interp. Rumph. Herb. Amb. 146. 1917; R. Knuth in Engl. Pflanzenr. 87 (4-43): 88. 1924; Burkill in Steenis, Fl. Malesiana ser. 1, 4: 311. 1954; 裴鉴等, 中国药用植物志 7: 319. 1964; 中国高等植物图鉴 5: 565, 图7960. 1976; 海南植物志 4: 151. 1977. ——D. sativa auct. non L.: Thunb. Fl. Jap. 151. 1784.
缠绕草质藤本。块茎卵圆形或梨形，直径4-10厘米，通常单生，每年由去年的块茎顶端抽出，很少分枝，外皮棕黑色，表面密生须根。茎左旋，浅绿色稍带红紫色，光滑无毛。叶腋内有紫棕色，球形或卵圆形珠芽，大小不一，最重者可达300克，表面有圆形斑点。单叶互生；叶片宽卵状心形或卵状心形，长15(-26）厘米，宽2-14 (26) 厘米，顶端尾状渐尖，边缘全缘或微波状，两面无毛。雄花序穗状，下垂，常数个丛生于叶腋，有时分枝呈圆锥状；雄花单生，密集，基部有卵形苞片2枚；花被片披针形，新鲜时紫色；雄蕊6枚，着生于花被基部，花丝与花药近等长。雌花序与雄花序相似，常2至数个丛生叶腋，长20-50厘米；退化雄蕊6枚，长仅为花被片1/4。蒴果反折下垂，三棱状长圆形，长1.5-3厘米，宽0.5-1.5厘米，两端浑圆，成熟时草黄色，表面密被紫色小斑点，无毛；种子深褐色，扁卵形，通常两两着生于每室中轴顶部，种翅栗褐色，向种子基部延伸呈长圆形。花期7-10月，果期8-11月。
分布河南南部、安徽南部、江苏南部、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、湖北、湖南、广东、广西、陕西南部、甘肃南部、四川、贵州、云南、西藏。本种适应性较大，既喜阴湿，又需阳光充足之地，以海拔几十米至2000米的高山地区都能生长，多生于河谷边、山谷阴沟或杂木林边缘，有时房前屋后或路旁的树荫下也能生长。日本、朝鲜、印度、缅甸以及大洋洲、非洲都有分布。
块茎含呋喃去甲基二菇类化合物及黄药子萜A (Diosbulbin A) 黄药子萜 B (Diosbulbin B) 黄药子萜 C（Diosbulbin C) 后三者均有苦味，主治甲状腺肿大、淋巴结核、咽喉肿痛、吐血、咯血、百日咳；外用治疮疖。
据文献记载本种在我国尚有以下两个变种 var. vera Prain et Burkill 雄花被长约2毫米，叶片为短心形，分布于四川茂汶另一变种var. simbha Prain et Burkill 雄花被长约4毫米，叶片为长心形，分布于云南腾冲。根据现有标本，尚未找到明显变种类型，故暂不列入。

《云南植物志》|| 薯蓣科 Dioscoreaceae ||薯蓣属 Dioscorea Linn. ||黄独 Dioscorea bulbifera Linn.

12．黄独 图版224，1—6
黄药（本草原始），山慈姑（图考），黄狗头（文山、罗平），裹衣包（西畴），黄金子（楚雄），蓑衣草（新平），“苦卡拉”、“曼喃”（傣族语），毛薯（罗平、保山、凤庆），棕包山药（文山），黑衣包（西畴），苦黄精（景洪），土芋、金线吊蛤蟆（湖南），狗头薯（广东惠东），黄药子（块茎药材名）。
Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. (1753); Bl. (1827); Wright (1840—1856); Knuth in Engl. (1924) excl. syn. D. eburina et D. eburnea; Merr. (1928); Prain et Burkill in Lecte. (1934), (1936)*; Burkill (1951); 广州植物志 (1956); 秦岭植物志 (1976); 图鉴 (1976)*; 海南植物志 (1977)。
D. sativa Thunb. (1784); Kunth (1850); Benth. (1861); Hook. f. (1892); Hayata (1921)*, non Linn. (1753); D. pulchella, D. crispata, D. heterophylla Roxb. (1832); Helmia bulbifera Kunth (1850).
块茎球形或梨形，稀分裂，生多数须根，表面黑褐色，切面黄色。茎左旋，无刺；叶腋内有紫棕色球形或卵形珠芽（零余子）。单叶互生；叶片绿色、纸质，宽心状卵形，大小不一，小的长宽仅3—6厘米，大的长宽可达25厘米，通常花枝上的叶小，顶端长尾状渐尖，基部弯缺阔或狭，全缘，两面无毛；基出脉7—11条，侧脉横行，整齐；叶柄与叶片等长或稍短，基部扭曲，上部两侧常具翅。雄穗状花序纤细、下垂，长4—8厘米，簇生或排成圆锥花序式；雄花单生、无梗、较密，基部苞片2，覆瓦状排列，外面的披针形，长约1毫米，内面的卵形，长0.5毫米；花被淡白色至紫色，裂片分裂至基部，展开为钟状，线状披针形，长约3毫米，宽约0.5—0.7毫米，无毛；雄蕊6，着生于花被片基部，远短于裂片，花药与花丝近等长，长椭圆形，内向，退化花柱3，近钻形，细小。雌花序簇生，长10—25厘米，花疏，常贴靠序轴朝下；花被裂片较雄花的略宽；柱头3，退化雄蕊3，明显。蒴果向上反折，无梗，成熟时草黄色，常散布紫色小斑点，压扁后矩圆形，长2—3厘米、宽1—1.5厘米，两头钝圆；种子褐色，着生于胎座上部，种翅栗褐色，向基部延长成长圆形。 花期7—10月，果11—12月成熟。
产云南大部分地区，海拔2300米以下，生长于林内或灌丛中。我国陕西、西藏、西南、华南、华中、华东（至台湾）各省区都有。分布于日本、印度、喜马拉雅西北部至尼泊尔、锡金、孟加拉、缅甸、老挝、越南、泰国、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、大洋洲至社会群岛。
块茎入药称“黄药子”，含黄药子甲素（diosbulbin A），黄药子乙素（diosbulbinB），黄药子丙素（diosbulbin C），能清热解毒，祛湿散痰，凉血，降火，止血；治吐血、咯血、刀伤出血，产后流血过多，甲状腺肿大；外用治诸恶肿、疮、瘘、口后痹、蛇、犬咬伤等。民间用珠芽治百日咳、头痛；磨汁用开水冲服可催吐、解诸药毒。
本种的果枝标本当其无块茎时，与毛胶薯蓣（D. subcalva Prain et Burkill）外形类似而常被误定，但后者种翅向室顶延长，而本种果翅是向相反方向（向下）发育，解剖观察，即可区别。

《Flora of North America》|| Dioscoreaceae || Dioscorea || Dioscorea bulbifera

5. Dioscorea bulbifera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753.

Aerial yam, potato yam

Plants tuberous or not; tubers, when present, buried just below ground surface, not stalked, globose, weighing less than 1 kg. Stems twining counter-clockwise, climbing to more than 20 m, often flecked with purple, unwinged or rarely narrowly winged, terete, producing axillary bulbils frequently greater than 5 cm in diam. in leaf axils. Leaves alternate throughout, 5–25 × 5–26 cm; petiole usually somewhat shorter than blade, base clasping, basal lobes stipulelike, 1–4 mm wide; blade 5–11-veined, broadly ovate-cordate, glabrous, base orbicular, margins entire, apex long-acuminate. Staminate inflorescences axillary, borne singly, spicate or paniculate, cymose, to 70 cm; cymes reduced to 1 sessile bracteolate flower, internodes ca. 2 mm; secondary axes to 6 per node, fasciculate, subtended by deltate bracteoles or sometimes leafy bracts, 3–20 cm. Pistillate inflorescences borne singly or fasciculate, to 6 per axil, spicate; spikes bearing to 50 flowers, 6–40 cm, subopposite to 8 mm apart. Staminate flowers fragrant; perianth white, becoming purple; tepals in 2 similar whorls, spreading at anthesis, lanceolate, (1–) 2–5 mm; fertile stamens 6 in 2 equal whorls; anthers as long as or longer than filaments; thecae distinct, not spreading. Pistillate flowers: perianth greenish white, not changing color; tepals as in staminate flowers; staminodes 6, smaller than fertile stamens. Capsules not reflexed at maturity, longer than wide, 1.8–2.8 × 1–1.5 cm. Seeds unilaterally winged, 12–20 mm. 2n = 80, 100.

Flowering late summer--early fall. Near ponds, marshes, drainage canals, disturbed woods and thickets, waste areas; 0 m; introduced; Fla.; tropical Asia; tropical Africa.

Dioscorea bulbifera is the most widely distributed of all Dioscorea species. It is found throughout the tropics and is thought to be native to both Africa and Asia. The tubers are either small and bitter or do not form at all. The bulbils are eaten, although this species is not widely consumed outside of Oceania. It is weedy in Florida and probably elsewhere in the Gulf States, but I have not seen any specimens to document its range outside Florida. Plants in the flora area rarely flower, and those that do are usually pistillate; I observed no staminate flowers.

《Flora of China》|| Dioscoreaceae || Dioscorea ||黄独 Dioscorea bulbifera

28. Dioscorea bulbifera Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1033. 1753.

黄独 huang du

Helmia bulbifera (Linnaeus) Kunth.

Tubers usually solitary, renewed annually, ovoid or pear-shaped, 4--10 cm thick; cork black; roots fibrous. Stem twining to left, glabrous, smooth. Bulblets purplish brown with orbicular spots, globose or ovoid, variable in size, weight to 300 g. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 2.5--5.5 cm; leaf blade broadly cordate, 8--15(--26) × 2--14(--26) cm, glabrous, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex caudate-acuminate. Male spikes usually clustered in leaf axils or along leafless, axillary shoots, drooping, sometimes branched. Male flowers: solitary, ± contiguous along rachis; bract and bracteole ovate; perianth purple, lobes lanceolate; stamens 6, inserted at base of perianth, filaments nearly as long as anthers. Female spikes often 2 or more together, similar to male ones, 20--30 cm. Female flowers: staminodes 6, ca. 1/4 as long as perianth lobes. Capsule reflexed or drooping, straw-colored, densely purplish dotted, oblong-globose, 1.5--3 cm, glabrous, base and apex rounded; wings 0.25--0.7 cm wide. Seeds inserted near apex of capsule, dark brown; wing pointing toward capsule base, oblong, 1.2--1.6 × ca. 0.5 cm. Fl. Jul--Oct, fr. Aug--Nov.

Mixed forest margins, river banks, valley sides; near sea level to 2300 m. S Anhui, Fujian, S Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Africa, Oceania].

Dioscorea bulbifera is used medicinally in China, but, unlike in Africa, it is not much used as a food plant.