《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||向日葵属 Helianthus L. ||菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus L.

2. 菊芋 菊藷，五星草（广西），洋羌，番羌（广东）
Helianthus tuberosus L., Sp. Pl. 905. 1753; DC., Prodr. 5: 590. 1836, O. Hoffm. in Engl. et Prantl. Pflanzenf. 4, 5: 236. 1897; Britton et Brown, Ill. Fl. North Unit. Stat. 3: 429. 1898; 裴鉴等, 江苏南部种子植物手册766. 图1232. 1959.
多年生草本，高1-3米，有块状的地下茎及纤维状根。茎直立，有分枝，被白色短糙毛或刚毛。叶通常对生，有叶柄，但上部叶互生；下部叶卵圆形或卵状椭圆形，有长柄，长10-16厘米，宽3-6厘米，基部宽楔形或圆形，有时微心形，顶端渐细尖，边缘有粗锯齿，有离基三出脉，上面被白色短粗毛、下面被柔毛，叶脉上有短硬毛，上部叶长椭圆形至阔披针形，基部渐狭，下延成短翅状，顶端渐尖，短尾状。头状花序较大，少数或多数，单生于枝端，有1-2个线状披针形的苞叶，直立，径2-5厘米，总苞片多层，披针形，长14-17毫米、宽2-3毫米，顶端长渐尖，背面被短伏毛，边缘被开展的缘毛；托片长圆形，长8毫米，背面有肋、上端不等三浅裂。舌状花通常12-20个，舌片黄色，开展，长椭圆形，长1.7-3厘米；管状花花冠黄色，长6毫米。瘦果小，楔形，上端有2-4个有毛的锥状扁芒。花期8-9月。
原产北美，在我国各地广泛栽培，块茎俗称“洋薑”。
可供食用。块茎含有丰富的淀粉，是优良的多汁饲料。新鲜的茎、叶作青贮饲料，营养价值较向日葵为高。块茎也是一种味美的蔬菜并可加工制成酱菜；另外还可制菊糖及酒精，菊糖在医药上又是治疗糖尿病的良药，也是一种有价值的工业原料。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||向日葵属 Helianthus L. ||菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus L.

2. 菊芋 (种子植物名称) 图版57：5-9
洋姜 (云南) ，番姜 (广东) ，菊薯、五星草 (广西)
Helianthus tuberosus L. (1753); DC. (1836); Hoffm. in Engl. et Prantl (1897); Britton et Brown (1898); Kia ( 1937)*; Vass. (1959); 江苏南部种子植物手册 (1959); S. Y. Hu (1966); 图鉴 (1975)*; 中国植物志 (1979); Kitam. et Gould in Hara et al. (1982); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 秦岭植物志 (1985).
多年生草本，高1-2米。地下茎块状，生多数须根和纤维状细根。茎直立，具分枝，茎和枝灰褐色或淡绿带黑褐色，有时具紫色斑点，粗糙，具细纵纹，被白色具节长硬毛和短糙毛。叶基部的对生，其余的互生，叶片卵形、卵状椭圆形、狭椭圆形、长卵形至披针形，长5-22厘米，宽1.5-9厘米，先端尾状渐尖或渐尖，基部楔形、宽楔形或稀圆形，下延，边缘具疏离的粗锯齿，表面绿色或深绿色，密被白色短刺状毛，刺状毛基部增粗，当毛脱落后，留下白色、点状、微凸的毛基，背面淡绿色或绿色，疏生短柔毛，有离基或基出3脉，侧脉数对，叶脉在两面微凸，沿脉被短硬毛；叶柄长0.5-4厘米，具翅。头状花序径4-9厘米，单生于茎和分枝先端，直立；花序梗长3-16厘米，被白色、具节长硬毛和短糙毛，中部具1-2 (-3) 枚叶状苞片；总苞半球形；总苞片多层，绿色，狭披针形或狭披针状条形，长12-16毫米，宽1.5-2.5毫米，先端渐尖或长渐尖，背面被短糙毛，边缘具白色缘毛；花序托扁平或微凸；托片披针状条形，长6-8毫米，背面上部被微柔毛。舌状花1层，数个，舌片黄色或金黄色，长1.5-4厘米，宽1.5-7毫米，具数条深色的纵纹，不结实；管状花花冠筒状，黄色，长5-6毫米，先端5裂，雄蕊5，花药暗褐色，长约5毫米，连合成筒状，柱头2分枝。瘦果圆柱形，下部较狭，疏被微毛；冠毛2-4枚，近膜质，扁平，条状长三角形，不等长。花果期7-9月。
原产北美洲。我国各地有栽培。云南也广为栽培。
地下根茎俗称洋姜，富含淀粉和糖分，可食用，或制成酱菜尤为可口。茎皮纤维可制绳索、麻袋和人造纤维板。鲜茎叶可作饲料，还可制菊糖和酒精。药用，根治消化不良、精亏肾虚；茎和叶治头痛、尿闭、骨折。还可观赏。

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Helianthus || Helianthus tuberosus

32. Helianthus tuberosus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 905. 1753.

Jerusalem artichoke , topinambour

Helianthus tomentosus Michaux; H. tuberosus var. subcanescens A. Gray

Perennials, 50–200+ cm (rhizomatous, producing tubers late in growing season). Stems erect, scabro-hispid to hirsute (sometimes glaucous). Leaves mostly cauline; opposite or alternate proximally, usually alternate distally; petioles 2–8 cm (often ± winged); blades (3-nerved from near bases) lanceolate to ovate, 10–23 × 7–15 cm, bases broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins entire or serrate (flat), abaxial faces puberulent or hirsutulous to tomentulose and gland-dotted (abaxial) or ± scabrous (adaxial). Heads 3–15. Peduncles 1–15 cm. Involucres hemispheric, (10–25 ×) 8–12 mm. Phyllaries (often dark green, drying nearly black) 22–35 (bases appressed, apices ± spreading, sometimes reflexed in fruit), lanceolate, 8.5–15 × 2–4 mm (subequal), (margins ciliate) apices acuminate, abaxial faces hispidulous or puberulent, gland-dotted. Paleae 8–9 mm, 3-toothed (apices hairy). Ray florets 10–20; laminae 25–40 mm. Disc florets 60+; corollas 6–7 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark brown or black, appendages dark or yellowish. Cypselae 5–7 mm, glabrous or distally hairy; pappi of 2 aristate scales 1.9–3 mm plus 0–1 deltate scales 0.5–0.8 mm. 2n = 102.

Flowering late summer–fall. Roadsides, fields, waste areas; 0–1000(–1500) m; Man., N.B., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ala., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; cultivated and adventive in Europe.

Helianthus tuberosus is variable, probably in part stemming from hybridization with other polyploids, including H. pauciflorus, H. resinosus, and H. strumosus. Helianthus tuberosus is so widely spread as a weedy species that its original distribution is difficult to discern. It has been used as a food plant for its tubers by native Americans (although not necessarily domesticated or even cultivated); it has been developed as a crop primarily in Europe, where it has become widely naturalized. The common name Jerusalem artichoke is a misnomer, as explained by C. B. Heiser (1976).

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Helianthus ||菊芋 Helianthus tuberosus

3. Helianthus tuberosus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 905. 1753.

菊芋 ju yu

Helianthus tomentosus Michaux; H. tuberosus var. subcanescens A. Gray.

Herbs, perennial, 50-200 cm, rhizomatous, producing tubers late in growing season. Stems erect, scabrid-hispid to hirsute, sometimes glaucous. Leaves mostly cauline, opposite or alternate proximally, usually alternate distally; petiole 2-8 cm, often ± winged; blade lanceolate to ovate, 10-23 × 7-15 cm, 3-veined from near base, abaxially puberulent or hirsutulous to tomentulose and gland-dotted or ± scabrid, base broadly to narrowly cuneate, margin entire or serrate. Capitula 3-15; peduncles 1-15 cm; involucres hemispheric, 10-25 × 8-12 mm; phyllaries often dark green, drying nearly black, 22-35, subequal, lanceolate, 8.5-15 × 2-4 mm, abaxially hispidulous or puberulent, gland-dotted, base appressed, margin ciliate, apex ± spreading, sometimes reflexed in fruit, acuminate; paleae 8-9 mm, 3-toothed, apices hairy. Ray florets 10-20; lamina 25-40 mm. Disk florets 60+; corollas 6-7 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark brown or black, appendages dark or yellowish. Achenes 5-7 mm, glabrous or apically hairy; pappus of 2 aristate scales 1.9-3 mm plus 0-1 deltate scales 0.5-0.8 mm. Fl. Aug-Sep. 2n = 102.

Roadsides, fields, wastelands. Widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized in China [native to North America; widely cultivated in temperate areas].

Helianthus tuberosus is a vegetable crop and widely naturalized.