《中国植物志》|| 蓼科 POLYGONACEAE ||蓼族 Trib. POLYGONEAE ||蓼属 Polygonum L.

2.蓼属 Polygonum L.
L．Sp. Pl. 359．1753; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Pl. 3：97．1880.
一年生或多年生草本，稀为半灌木或小灌木。茎直立、平卧或上升，无毛、被毛或具倒生钩刺，通常节部膨大。叶互生，线形、披针形、卵形、椭圆形、箭形或戟形，全缘，稀具裂片；托叶鞘膜质或草质，筒状，顶端截形或偏斜，全缘或分裂，有缘毛或无缘毛。花序穗状、总状、头状或圆锥状，顶生或腋生，稀为花簇，生于叶腋；花两性稀单性，簇生稀为单生；苞片及小苞片为膜质；花梗具关节；花被5深裂稀4裂，宿存；花盘腺状、环状，有时无花盘；雄蕊8,稀4-7;子房卵形；花柱2-3, 离生或中下部合生；柱头头状。瘦果卵形，具3棱或双凸镜状，包于宿存花被内或突出花被之外。
属选模式种：酸模叶蓼 Polygonum lapathifolium L.
约230种，广布于全世界，主要分布于北温带。我国有113种26变种，南北各省（区）均有。 有些学者曾将本属分为11个独立的属，但因彼此间的区别不明显，有些学者仍主张归为1属，我们除将荞麦属Fagopyrum.金线草属Antenoron.虎杖属Reynoutria和蔓寥属Fallopia作为独立的属外，其他各属仍归并为1属。

《云南植物志》|| 蓼科 Polygonaceae ||蓼科 Polygonaceae ||蓼属 Polygonum L.

2. 蓼属 Polygonum L.
一年生或多年生草本，稀为半灌木或小灌木。茎直立、平卧或上升，无毛、被毛或具倒生钩刺，通常节部膨大。叶互生，叶片线形、披针形、卵形、椭圆形、箭形或戟形，全缘，稀具裂5，托叶鞘膜质或草质，筒状，先端截形或偏斜，全缘或分裂，有缘毛或无缘毛。花序穗状、总状、头状或圆锥状，顶生或腋生，稀为花簇，生于叶腋；花两性稀单性，簇生稀为单生；苞片及小苞片为膜质；花梗有关节；花被5深裂稀薄裂，宿存；花盘腺状、环状，有时无花盘；雄蕊8，稀4—7；子房卵形；花柱2—3，离生或中下部合生；柱头头状。瘦果卵形，具3棱或双凸镜状，包于宿存花被内或突出花被之外。
约230种，广布于全世界，主要分布于北温带。我国有109种27变种，南北各省区均有；云南产64种19变种。
有些学者曾将本属分为11个独立的属，但因彼此间的区别不明显，有些学者仍主张归为1属，我们遵从《中国植物志》的意见，除将荞麦属 Fagopyrum、金线草属 Antenoron、虎杖属 Reynoutria 和蔓蓼属 Fallopia 作为独立的属外，其他各属仍归并为1属。

《Flora of China》|| Polygonaceae || ||蓼属 Polygonum

2. Polygonum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 359. 1753.
[nom. cons.]

蓼属 liao shu

Li Anjen (李安仁 Li An-ren); Alisa E. Grabovskaya-Borodina, Suk-pyo Hong, John McNeill, Hideaki Ohba, Chong-wook Park

Herbs, rarely subshrubs, or small shrubs, rarely dioecious. Stems erect, prostrate, or ascending, usually with conspicuously swollen nodes, glabrous or pubescent, rarely prickly. Leaves simple, alternate, subsessile; leaf blade variously shaped, margin entire; ocrea tubular, membranous, margin entire or lacerate, apex truncate or oblique. Inflorescence terminal or axillary, racemose, spicate, capitate, or paniculate, sometimes flowers fascicled or solitary in axils of leaves. Pedicel often articulate. Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual; bracts and bracteoles membranous. Perianth persistent, 5(or 4)-parted. Stamens 7 or 8, rarely 4. Styles 2 or 3, deciduous, mostly elongate. Achenes trigonous or biconvex, rarely biconcave.

About 230 species: worldwide, mostly in N temperate regions; 113 species (23 endemic) in China.

Treatments of Polygonum and related genera (subfamily Polygonoideae), e.g., those by Haraldson (Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22(2): 1–95. 1978) and Ronse Decraene & Akeroyd (Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 98: 321–371. 1988), have segregated species of Polygonum in the broad sense adopted here into two separate tribes, Polygoneae and Persicarieae. As represented in China, the former is restricted to P. sect. Polygonum, i.e., species 1–16 below (Polygonum s.str.), along with various other genera, e.g., Fagopyrum (incl. Pteroxygonum) by Haraldson, and Fallopia (incl. Reynoutria) by Ronse Decraene & Akeroyd. The remainder of Polygonum in the broad sense (species 17–113 below) is generally assigned to Persicaria (or a varying number of segregate genera, such as Aconogonon and Bistorta) which, with Antenoron and Koenigia (and Fagopyrum, incl. Pteroxygonum by Ronse Decraene & Akeroyd), comprises the tribe Persicarieae. Of the six sections of Polygonum recognized here, the first, P. sect. Polygonum, represents Polygonum in the narrow sense, and the remaining five either fall within a broadly defined genus, Persicaria, or are variously recognized as distinct genera, e.g., Aconogonon and Bistorta by Haraldson. As circumscribed in earlier work (e.g., Meisner in Candolle, Prodr. 14(1), 1856), P. sect. Cephalophilon included a number of species now treated as belonging to the genus Koenigia; Ronse Decraene & Akeroyd (op. cit.) treated the residue of P. sect. Cephalophilon and P. sect. Echinocaulon as components of an expanded Persicaria sect. Persicaria.

The following taxa have been described or reported from China, but we have seen no specimens and are therefore unable to treat them in this account. Further revisionary study is necessary.

Polygonum minutissimum Z. Wei & Y. B. Chang (Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 12: 271. 1992, not L. O. Williams, 1934), described from Zhejiang.
Polygonum pilushanense Y. C. Liu & C. H. Ou (Quart. J. Chinese Forest. 8: 123. 1976), described from Taiwan.

One of us (Ohba) adds the following species described under Bistorta; however, one of us (Li) has been unable to examine material because of health reasons. We list them here pending further revisionary work on the family.

Bistorta albiflora Miyamoto & H. Ohba (Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. B, 28: 141. 2002), described from Sichuan.
Bistorta longispicata Yonekura & H. Ohashi (J. Jap. Bot. 76: 346. 2001), described from Xizang.
Bistorta ludlowii Yonekura & H. Ohashi (J. Jap. Bot. 76: 348. 2001), described from SE Xizang.
Bistorta sherei H. Ohba & S. Akiyama (Alp. Fl. Jaljale Himal. 11. 1992), reported from Xizang (see Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. B, 28: 145. 2002).
Bistorta tubistipulis Miyamoto & H. Ohba (Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. Tokyo, ser. B, 28: 143. 2002), described from Sichuan.

《Flora of North America》|| Polygonaceae || || Polygonum

30. Polygonum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 359. 1753. Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 170. 1754.

Knotweed [Greek poly, many, and gony, knee joint (traditional interpretation), or gone, seed (grammatically correct interpretation)]

Mihai Costea, François J. Tardif, Harold R. Hinds†

Herbs, shrubs, or subshrubs, annual (perennial in P. striatulum), homophyllous or heterophyllous, sometimes heterocarpic; roots fibrous or woody. Stems prostrate to erect, glabrous, smooth or sometimes papillous-scabridulous. Leaves cauline, alternate (opposite in P. humifusum), petiolate or sessile; ocrea with distal part persistent, often hyaline, white or silvery, 2-lobed, chartaceous, glabrous, disintegrating into fibers, or disintegrating completely; petiole base articulated with ocrea or not; blade linear, lanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or subround, margins entire. Inflorescences axillary or axillary and terminal, spikelike, or flowers solitary; peduncle absent. Pedicels present or absent. Flowers bisexual, 1-7(-10) per ocreate fascicle, base not stipelike; perianth nonaccrescent, white or greenish white to pink, campanulate to urceolate, glabrous; tepals 5, connate 3-70% of their length, petaloid or sepaloid, monomorphic or, rarely, dimorphic, the inner usually flat, the outer flat or sometimes keeled and cucullate distally, sometimes of different length than the inner; stamens 3-8 (some may be reduced to staminodes); filaments distinct, free or adnate to perianth tube, glabrous; anthers whitish yellow, pink to purple or orange-pink, elliptic to oblong; styles (2-)3, mostly spreading, distinct or connate proximally; stigmas 2-3, capitate. Achenes included or exserted, yellow-green, brown, or black, unwinged, (2-)3-gonous, glabrous. Seeds: embryo curved. x = 10.

Species ca. 65 (33 in the flora): nearly worldwide.

Two sections of Polygonum are recognized here. Section Polygonum is nearly cosmopolitan and best represented in north-temperate regions; sect. Duravia comprises species restricted to North America. K. Haraldson (1978) recognized both sections based on differences in stem morphology, petiole structure, and pollen morphology. J. C. Hickman (1984) described sect. Monticola and included in it species of sect. Duravia occurring mostly in montane habitats, with leaves articulated to the ocreae, one-veined, and not mucronate, proximal leaves lanceolate to round, and styles connate at their bases and neither hardened nor persistent. L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd (1988) and L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. (2000) included sect. Duravia in sect. Polygonum based on floral and fruit characters.

Similarities in floral structure, fruit anatomy, and pollen morphology have been noted between Polygonella with Polygonum (L.-P. Ronse Decraene et al. 2000). Based on evidence from comparative morphological studies, Ronse Decraene et al. (2004) included Polygonella in sect. Duravia of Polygonum.

Four introduced taxa of sect. Polygonum that were collected in the flora area at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century appear not to have persisted here and are not included in the keys. Polygonum arenarium Waldstein & Kitaibel and P. bellardii Allioni were reported by B. L. Robinson (1902) from Rhode Island and Massachusetts, respectively. The former resembles P. patulum but has open flowers. Polygonum bellardii is discussed below under P. ramosissimum. Polygonum polycnemoides Jaubert & Spach and P. humifusum C. Merck ex K. Koch subsp. humifusum were reported by J. F. Brenckle (1941). The former was collected in New York City in 1894 and in Idaho in 1940. It differs from all other Polygonum species in having a tube 55-70% of the perianth length. Polygonum humifusum subsp. humifusum is discussed below under P. humifusum subsp. caurianum.

SELECTED REFERENCE

Jones, D. M. and T. R. Mertens. 1970. A taxonomic study of genus Polygonum employing chromatographic methods. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 80: 422-430.