Caltha arctica R.Brown; C. asarifolia de Candolle; C. palustris subsp. arctica (R. Brown) Hultén; C. palustris subsp. asarifolia (de Candolle) Hultén; C. palustris var. arctica (R. Brown) Huth; C. palustris var. asarifolia (de Candolle) Huth; C. palustris var. flabellifolia (Pursh) Torrey & A. Gray

Stems leafy, permanently erect, or sprawling with age and producing roots and shoots at nodes. Basal leaves: blade rounded to ovate, reniform, or cordate, largest (0.5-)2-12.5 × (1-)2-19 cm, margins entire or crenate to dentate. Inflorescences 1-7-flowered. Flowers 10-45 mm diam.; sepals yellow or orange, (6-)10-25 mm. Follicles 5-15(-25), spreading, sessile, ellipsoid; bodies 8-15 × 3-4.5 mm; style and stigma straight or curved, 0.5-2 mm. Seeds elliptic, 1.5-2.5 mm. 2n=32, 56, 60.

Flowering spring-summer (Apr-Jul). Marshes, fens, ditches, wet woods and swamps, thriving best in open or only partly shaded sites; 0-1500 m; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld., N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Alaska, Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis.; Eurasia.

Caltha palustris has been divided into different taxa, although plants have been most commonly assigned to two varieties in North America. Typical C . palustris var. palustris is characterized by permanently erect, stout stems that do not produce roots and shoots at the nodes after anthesis. The basal leaves are broadly cordate to reniform with coarsely crenate-dentate margins and overlapping basal lobes. Generally more than three flowers occur on a stem. In contrast, C . palustris var. flabellifolia [= var. arctica , var. radicans (T. F. Forster) Beck] is characterized by stems that sprawl with age and produce roots and shoots at the nodes after anthesis. The basal leaves are ± reniform with denticulate margins, and the basal lobes are widely divergent and do not overlap. Often fewer than three flowers occur on a stem. Caltha palustris var. flabellifolia is distributed locally throughout the range of C . palustris var. palustris ; it often grows in places with more extreme environmental conditions, such as shorelines, tidal areas, swiftly running streams and rivers, and areas with an arctic climate. Many arctic specimens can be assigned to this variety.

While Caltha palustris var. palustris and var. flabellifolia are distinctive in their extremes, they appear to represent elements along a morphologic continuum rather than recognizable taxonomic entities. For example, P.G. Smit (1973) found plants from Point Barrow, Alaska, to be dwarfed, few flowered, and prostrate, while specimens from southern Alaska were robust, many flowered, and erect. Between these two extremes a complete series of intermediates occurs. Based on that evidence, and considering the phenotypic plasticity known to exist in this species, the various specific and infraspecific segregates of C . palustris in North America are not recognized.

Native Americans used various preparations of the roots of Caltha palustris medicinally to treat colds and sores, as an aid in childbirth and to induce vomiting, and as a protection against love charms; infusions of leaves were taken for constipation (D. E. Moerman 1986).

SELECTED REFERENCES

Smit, P. G. 1967. Taxonomical and ecological studies in Caltha palustris L. (preliminary report). Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C. 70: 500-510. Smit, P. G. 1968. Taxonomical and ecological studies in Caltha palustris L. II. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch. C. 71: 280-292. Woodell, S. R. J. and M. Kootin-Sanwu. 1971. Intraspecific variation in Caltha palustris. New Phytol. 70: 173-186.

Plants with numerous fleshy roots. Stems 10--120 cm tall at fruiting, (1.5--)3--12 mm in diam., branched, rarely simple, basal leaves 3--7, long petiolate; petiole (4--)7--24 cm; leaf blade orbicular to orbicular-reniform or cordate, (1.2--)2.5--5 × (2--)3--9 cm, base deeply cordate, margin densely denticulate, apex rounded. Cauline leaves usually diminishing upward, rarely equal to basal leaves in size, orbicular-reniform or triangular-cordate, shortly petiolate or uppermost ones sessile. Monochasium often solitary, (2 or)3--5-flowered; pedicels more than 1.5 cm at fruiting. Flowers 2--3 cm in diam. Sepals 5, yellow, obovate to narrowly obovate, 1--1.8(--2.5) × 0.6--1.2(--1.5) cm, apex rounded. Stamens 4.5--7(--9) mm; anthers sessile, oblong, 1--1.6 mm. Follicles (5--)7--25, ca. 1 cm × 3 mm; persistent style 1--3 mm. Seeds black, rarely pale greenish brown, narrowly ovoid, 1.5--2 mm. Fl. May--Sep. 2n = 16, 32, 55--57, 60, 64, 80.

Mountain regions, grassy slopes, valleys, marshlands, forests, by streams, in water; 600--4000 m. S and SW Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, E and SE Xizang, C and NW Yunnan, Zhejiang [most temperate regions of N hemisphere].