《中国植物志》|| 桦木科 BETULACEAE ||黑桦亚组 Subsect. 2. Dahuricae Regel ||黑桦 Betula dahurica Pall.

10.黑桦（东北）棘皮桦（河北习见树木图说）图版28：10-12
Betula dahurica Pall., Reise Prov. Russ. Reich. 3: 224. not. 321. 421. t. K k.fig. 4 a-b. 1776; Regel in Nouv. Mem. Nat. Moscou 13: 113. t. 8. fig. 36-39. t. 10. fig. 14 40. 1861. et Bull. Soc, Nat. Moscou 38 C2): 441. 1865. et DC., Prodr. 16 ( 2): 174. 1868. excl. var. .; Burk. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 498. 1899; Kom. in Acta Horti Petrop. 22: 45. 1903; Schneid., Ill. Laubho-lzk. 1: 109. fig. 57. k-k. 60 p. 1904. et Sarg., Pl. Wils,. 2: 483. 1916; H. Winkl. in Engler, Pflanzenreich 19 ( IV 61): 86. 1904; Nakai in Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo 31: 203. 1911. et Bot. Mag. Tokyo 29: 42. 1915; Chun, Econ. Trees China 78. 1921; Rehd. in Journ. Arn. Arb. 4: 155. 1923. et Man. Cult. Trees and Shrubs ed. 2. 132. 1940;胡先骕, 中国植物图谱3: 图107. 1933; 中国森林树木图志2: 35. 图版14. 1948;周汉藩, 河北习见树木图说99.图33. 1934; Кузенева.CCCP 5: 290. Табл. 14. рнс. 5-5a. 5b. 1936;　陈嵘, 中国树木分类学151.1937; 刘慎谔, 东北木本植物图志196. 图版67. 图94. 图版68. 2. 3. 图1-8. 1955.,Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 373. 1965;中国高等植物图鉴1: 389.图778. 1972. ——Betula maximowiczii Rupr. in Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 15: 139, 1856, 15: 379. 1857. Betula maackii Rupr., l. c. 380. 1857. ——Betula dahurica Pall. var. tiliaefolia, var. oblongifolio, var. ovalifolia Liou,文献同上196. 图版67. 图95-96. 图版68. 2. 3. 图9-11图版69. 图97. 1955.
乔木，高6-20米；树皮黑褐色，龟裂；枝条红褐色或暗褐色，光亮，无毛；小枝红褐色， 疏被长柔毛，密生树脂腺体。叶厚纸质，通常为长卵形，间有宽卵形、卵形、菱状卵形或椭 圆形，长4-8厘米，宽3.5-5厘米，顶端锐尖或渐尖，基部近圆形、宽楔形或楔形，边缘具 不规则的锐尖重锯齿，上面无毛，下面密生腺点，沿脉疏被长柔毛，脉腋间具簇生的髯毛， 侧脉6-8对；叶柄长约5-15毫米，疏被长柔毛或近无毛。果序矩圆状圆柱形，单生，直 立或微下垂，长2-2.5厘米，直径约l厘米；序梗长约5-12毫米，疏被长柔毛或几无毛， 有时具树脂腺体；果苞长约5.-T6毫米，背面无毛，边缘具纤毛，基部宽楔形，上部三裂，中裂片矩圆形或披针形，顶端钝，侧裂片卵形或宽卵形，斜展，横展至下弯，比中裂片宽，与之等长或稍短。小坚果宽椭圆形，两面无毛，膜质翅宽约为果的1/2。
产于黑龙江、辽宁北部、吉林东部、河北、山西、内蒙古。生于海拔400-1300米干燥、 土层较厚的阳坡、山顶石岩上、潮湿阳坡、针叶林或杂木林下。苏联、蒙古东部、朝鲜、日本也有。模式标本采自苏联。
木材质重，心材红褐色，边材淡黄色，可做火车车厢、车轴、车辕、胶合板、家具、枕木及建筑用材。

《Flora of China》|| Betulaceae || Betula ||黑桦 Betula dahurica

26. Betula dahurica Pallas, Reise Russ. Reich. 3: 224. 1776.

黑桦 hei hua

Betula dahurica var. oblongifolia Liou; B. dahurica var. ovalifolia Liou; B. dahurica var. tiliifolia Liou; B. maackii Ruprecht; B. maximowiczii Ruprecht.

Trees to 20 m tall; bark black-brown, fissured. Branches red-brown or dark brown, shiny, glabrous; branchlets red-brown, villous, with dense, resinous glands. Petiole 0.5-1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, rhombic-ovate, or elliptic, 4-8 × 3.5-5 cm, abaxially densely resinous glandular along veins, bearded in axils of lateral veins, adaxially glabrous, base subrounded, broadly cuneate, or cuneate, margin irregularly and acutely doubly serrate, apex acute or acuminate; lateral veins 6-8 on each side of midvein. Female inflorescence erect or pendulous, oblong-cylindric, 2-2.5 × ca. 1 cm; peduncle 5-12 mm; bracts 5-6 mm, ciliate, 3-lobed, middle lobe oblong-lanceolate, lateral lobes spreading or recurved, ovate or broadly ovate, ca. as long as middle lobe. Nutlet broadly elliptic, glabrous, with membranous wings ca. 1/2 as wide as nutlet. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Aug. 2n = 56.

Mixed or coniferous forests, dry or moist, sunny slopes, rocks on mountain summits; 400-1300 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, E Jilin, N Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi [Japan, Korea, E Mongolia, Russia (Far East)]

The wood is hard and dense, and is used in house construction and for making agricultural tools and furniture.