《中国植物志》|| 桔梗科 CAMPANULACEAE ||辐冠党参亚属 Subgen. Pseudocodonopsis Kom. ||鸡蛋参 Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz

39. 鸡蛋参（中国高等植物图鉴）
Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz, Journ. Bot. 11: 195. 1873; Oliv., Hook. Icon. Pl. 24: t. 2385, 1895; Kom., Act. Hort. Petrop. 29: 102. 1908; Chipp, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 38: 389, 1908, p. p.; Prain, Bot. Mag. 134: pl. 8176, 1908; Tsoong, Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3 (3): 90. 1935.
茎基极短而有少数瘤状茎痕。根块状，近于卵球状或卵状，长2.5-5厘米，直径1-1.5厘米，表面灰黄色，上端具短细环纹，下部则疏生横长皮孔。茎缠绕或近于直立，不分枝或有少数分枝，长可达1米余，无毛或被毛。叶互生或有时对生，均匀分布于茎上或密集地聚生于茎中下部，被毛或无毛；完全无叶柄至有长达5.5厘米的长叶柄；叶片几乎条形至宽大而为卵圆形，叶基楔形、圆钝或心形，顶端钝、急尖或渐尖，全缘或具波状钝齿，质地厚而为纸质或薄而为薄纸质或膜质，长2-10厘米，宽0.2-10厘米。花单生于主茎及侧枝顶端；花梗长2-12厘米，无毛；花萼贴生至子房顶端，裂片上位着生，筒部倒长圆锥状，长3-7毫米，直径4-10毫米，裂片狭三角状披针形，顶端渐尖或急尖，全缘，长0.4-1.1厘米，宽1-5毫米，无毛，裂片间湾缺尖狭或稍钝；花冠辐状而近于5全裂，裂片椭圆形，长1-3.5厘米，宽0.6-1.2厘米，淡蓝色或蓝紫色，顶端急尖；花丝基部宽大，内密被长柔毛，上部纤细，长仅1-2毫米，花药长4-5毫米。蒴果上位部分短圆锥状，裂瓣长约4毫米，下位部分倒圆锥状，长约1-1.6厘米，直径8毫米，有10条脉棱，无毛。种子极多，长圆状，无翼，长1.5毫米，棕黄色，有光泽。花果期7-10月。
模式标本采自云南蒙自。
这是一个极其多型的种，曾被分为好几个种，但是这些类型之间并无相当明确的界限。有的类型占据独立的地理分布区，如 var. vinciflora 占据整个种分布区的西北部。而 var. pinifolia 则占据独特的生态，它生长于金沙江的干旱河谷里。

《云南植物志》|| 桔梗科 Campanulaceae nom. conserv ||党参属 Codonopsis Wall. ||鸡蛋参 Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz

1．鸡蛋参（图鉴）
牛尾参、补血草
Codonopsis Convolvulacea Kurz (1873); Hemsl. (1889); Oliv. in Hook (1895)*; Kom. (1908); Chipp (1908), p. p.; Prain in Curtis (1908)*; Lévl. (1915); Anth. (1926), cum var. typica; Marq. (1929); Tsoong (1935)*; Nannf. in Hand.-Mazz. (1936), ampl.; 图鉴 (1975)*; Hara (1982); 中国植物志 (1983).
本种根据近年来一些学者的研究，原发表的一些近缘种花的结构极相似，仅植物的习性、叶形和着生位置等营养体特征各异；因而多数学者主张把一些近缘种归并在本种下作为变种处理，我们采纳了这种意见，其变种主要区别如下。

《云南植物志》|| 桔梗科 Campanulaceae nom. conserv ||鸡蛋参 Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz ||鸡蛋参 (原变种) Codonopsis convolvulacea var. convolvulacea

1a．鸡蛋参（原变种）
var. convolvulacea
缠绕草本，有白色乳汁；根近球形，直径约2厘米。茎无毛，常有分枝。叶对生或互生，无毛，叶片卵形、披针形，狭披针形，或披针状条形，长2—6.8厘米，宽0.4—1.6厘米，侧脉在叶面不明显，在背面稍突起，边缘全缘，干时稍反卷；叶柄短，长1—7毫米。花顶生和腋生，花梗下部有2叶状苞片；花萼上位，无毛，裂片5，狭三角形，长0.6—1.5厘米；花冠辐状，蓝色，无毛，5裂达基部，裂片卵圆形，长1.2—3厘米；雄蕊5，花丝下部扩大为正三角形，长1—2毫米，边缘密生柔毛；花药无毛，长1—5毫米；子房下位，花柱无毛，柱头大，3裂。蒴果锥形，顶部平截，3瓣裂；种子褐色，长1.5毫米，宽0.5毫米。花期7—10月。
产昆明、罗次、砚山、屏边、蒙自、元江、临沧、凤庆、镇康、龙陵等地，生于海拔1000—3100米山坡草地或灌丛中；西藏南部及四川西南部、贵州西部也有分布。分布于缅甸。
根药用，可治肺痨咳嗽、疝气等症。

《Flora of China》|| Campanulaceae || Codonopsis ||鸡蛋参 Codonopsis convolvulacea

39. Codonopsis convolvulacea Kurz, J. Bot. 11: 195. 1873.

鸡蛋参 ji dan shen

Roots tuberous, ovoid-globose or ovoid, 2.5-5 × 1-1.5 cm. Stems twining, usually with a few branches, up to more than 1 m, glabrous. Leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, evenly distributed along stems; petiole absent or to 22 mm; blade linear-lanceolate to ovate or deltoid, 2-10 × 0.4-3.5 cm, base cuneate, rounded, truncate, or cordate, margin entire, subentire, sinuous-crenate, or serrate, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate. Flowers solitary, terminal on main stems and branches; pedicels 2-12 cm, glabrous. Calyx tube adnate to ovary up to top, obconical, 3-7 × 4-10 mm, glabrous, 10-ribbed; lobes narrowly triangular-lanceolate, 4-11 × 1-5 mm, glabrous, margin entire, apex acuminate or acute; sinus between lobes narrow, pointed or slightly obtuse. Corolla pale blue or blue-purple, rotate, 5-fid to near base; lobes elliptic, 1-3.5 × 0.6-1.2 cm, apex acute. Filaments slightly dilated and ciliate at base, 1-3 mm; anthers 4-5 mm. Superior part of capsule broadly conical, valves ca. 4 mm; inferior part obconical, 10-16 × ca. 8 mm. Seeds numerous, brown-yellow, oblong, ca. 1.5 mm, wingless. Fl. and fr. Jul-Oct.

Forests, open woods, forest margins, thickets, grassy slopes, pastures, meadows; 1000-4600 m. W Guizhou, SW Sichuan, S and SE Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, N Myanmar, Nepal].

Two of us (Lammers and Klein) do not agree with the broad treatment of Codonopsis convolvulacea adopted here, i.e., with C. forrestii, C. grey-wilsonii, and C. vinciflora treated as subspecies of C. convolvulacea, with C. limprichtii, C. efilamentosa, and C. mairei included in the synonymy of C. convolvulacea subsp. forrestii, and with C. limprichtii var. pinifolia included in the synonymy of C. graminifolia. Instead, based on our analysis of herbarium material including types, we recognize seven morphologically discrete entities. The nature of the differences distinguishing them suggests each is reproductively isolated from the others and so we treat them as species: C. convolvulacea (including C. forrestii var. heterophylla), C. efilamentosa, C. forrestii (including C. forrestii var. hirsuta), C. grey-wilsonii, C. limprichtii (including C. graminifolia and C. limprichtii var. pinifolia), C. mairei (including C. retroserrata), and C. vinciflora. We also recognize an eighth species, C. macrophylla Lammers & L. L. Klein, known only in cultivation but believed to be from Xizang. See Lammers and Klein (Bot. Stud. (Taipei) 51: 553-561. 2010). However, one of us (Hong) notes that the taxonomy of this complex has been extremely controversial in the past, with several different classifications having been proposed. Based on critical examination of all available specimens in BM, E, K, KUN, and PE and recent field observations in S and SE Xizang and NW Yunnan, the C. convolvulacea complex is found to be extremely variable, particularly in the length of the petioles and in the shape, texture, and margin of the leaf blades. Some characters, e.g., shape of leaf blade, are merely a polymorphism within populations, and the characters distinguishing C. convolvulacea, C. forrestii, C. grey-wilsonii, and C. vinciflora are variable within geographic regions but are not distinct.