《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||水飞蓟属 Silybum Adans. ||水飞蓟 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.

1.水飞蓟 水飞雉、奶蓟、老鼠筋　图版2: 7; 31: 2
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., De Fruct. 2: 378, 1791: Ling in Act. Phytotax. Sin. 2: 405, 1954; Tamamsch. in Fl. URSS 28: 227, 1963: S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 21: 150, 1968; Franco in Fl. Europ. 4: 249, 1976——Carduus marianus L., Sp. Pl. 823, 1753——C. mariae Crantz, Inst. 1: 248, 1766——Mariana mariana (L.) Hill, Hort. Kew 61, 1768——M. lactea Hill, Herb. Brit. 1: 76, 1769——Cirsium maculatum Scop., Fl. Carn ed. 2. 2: 130, 1772——Carthamus maculatum (Scop.) Lam., Encycl. Meth. 1: 638, 1783——Silybum maculatum (Sco. p.) Moench, Menth. 555, 1794——S. mariac (Cralltz) S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 436, 1821.
一年生或二年生草本，高1.2米。茎直立，分枝，有条棱，极少不分枝，全部茎枝有白 色粉质复被物，被稀疏的蛛丝毛或脱毛。莲座状基生叶与下部茎叶有叶柄，全形椭圆形或倒披针形，长达50厘米，宽达30厘米，羽状浅裂至全裂；中部与上部茎叶渐小，长卵形或披针形，羽状浅裂或边缘浅波状圆齿裂，基部尾状渐尖，基部心形，半抱茎，最上部茎叶更小，不分裂，披针形，基部心形抱茎。全部叶两面同色，绿色，具大型白色花斑，无毛，质地薄，边缘或裂片边缘及顶端有坚硬的黄色的针刺，针刺长达5毫米。头状花序较大，生枝端，植株含多数头状花序，但不形成明显的花序式排列。总苞球形或卵球形，直径3-5厘米。总苞片6层，中外层宽匙形，椭圆形、长菱形至披针形，包括顶端针刺长1-3厘米，包括边缘针刺宽达 1.2厘米，基部或下部或大部紧贴，边缘无针刺，上部扩大成圆形、三角形、近菱形或三角形的坚硬的叶质附属物，附属物边缘或基部有坚硬的针刺，每侧针刺4-12个，长1-2毫米，附属物顶端有长达5毫米的针刺；内层苞片线状披针形，长约2.7厘米，宽4厘米，边缘无针刺，上部无叶质附属物，顶端渐尖。全部苞片无毛，中外层苞片质地坚硬，革质。小花红紫色，少有白色，长3厘米，细管部长2.1厘米，檐部5裂，裂片长6毫米。花丝短而宽，上部分离，下部由于被粘质柔毛而粘合。瘦果压扁，长椭圆形或长倒卵形，长7毫米，宽约3毫米，褐色，有线状长椭形的深褐色色斑，顶端有果缘，果缘边缘全缘，无锯齿。冠毛多层，刚毛状，白色，向中层或内层渐长，长达1.5厘米；冠毛刚毛锯齿状，基部连合成环，整体脱落；最内层冠毛极短，柔毛状，边缘全缘，排列在冠毛环上。花果期5-10月。
分布欧洲、地中海地区、北非及亚洲中部。我国各地公园、植物园或园庭都有栽培。瘦 果入药，性味苦凉，有清热、解毒、保肝利胆作用。模式标本采自西欧。

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Silybum || Silybum marianum

1. Silybum marianum (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 378. 1791.

Blessed milkthistle, chardon Marie

Carduus marianus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 823. 1753

Stems glabrous or slightly tomentose. Leaves: basal wing-petioled, blades 15–60+ cm, margins coarsely lobed; cauline leaves clasping, progressively smaller and less divided, bases spiny, coiled, auriculate. Phyllary appendages spreading, ovate, 1–4 cm including long-tapered spine tips. Corollas 26–35 mm; tubes 13–25 mm, throats campanulate, 2–3 mm, lobes 5–9 mm. Cypselae brown and black spotted, 6–8 mm; pappus scales 15–20 mm. 2n = 34.

Flowering Feb–Jun (west), Jul–Sep (north). Roadsides, pastures, waste areas; sometimes cultivated; 0–800 m; introduced; Alta., B.C., N.B., N.S., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Conn., Ind., La., Mich., Miss., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va.; s Europe (Mediterranean region).

Silybum marianum is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental, a minor vegetable, or as a medicinal herb. Young shoots can be boiled and eaten like cabbage and young leaves can be added to salads. The seeds can be used as a coffee substitute. Extracts of S. marianum are used as an herbal treatment for liver ailments.