《中国植物志》|| 桑科 MORACEAE ||桑组 Sect. 1. Morus ||桑 Morus alba L.

1.桑（本草经）家桑（四川），桑树（通称）图版2：1-3
Morus alba Linn. Sp. Pl. ed 1: 986. 1753; Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. -Bat. 2. 197. 1866; Bur. in DC. Prodr. 17: 236. 1873; Hook. f. Pl. Brit. Ind. 5: 492. 1888; Forb. et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 455. 1899; Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubh. 1: 236, f. 151o-c. 152, 153h-p. 1904; et in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 3: 294. 1916; Gagnep. in Lecomte. Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine 5: 706. 1928; Koidz. in Bull. Sericult. Exp. Stat. Japan 3: (1): 52. 1930; Nakai, Fl. Sylv. Koreana 19: 94. 1932; Hotta in Acta Phytotax. ex Geobotan. 6: 111. 1937; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学229. 1937; 中国高等植物图鉴1: 478. f. 956. 1972; Kitam. et Murata, Col. Ill. Woody Pl. Japan 2: 249. 1976; Yamazaki in Journ. Phytogeogr. Taxon, 30 (2): 67. f. 2. 1. 1983; 西藏植物志2: 520, 1983, excl. fig.; 云南种子植物名录上册: 711.1984;湖北植物大全: 269.1992;横断山区维管植物上册: 301.1993; 新疆植物志1: 218. Pl. 64, f. 2-3. 1993; Nguyen T. Hiep in Tap chi SINN HOC 16 (4): 65. 1994. ——M. atropurpurea Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 2, 3: 595. 1832; Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Or. 2: t. 677. 1843; Koidz. in Bull. Sericult. Exp. Sta. Japan 3 (1): 55. 1930. ——M. alba Linn. var. atropurpurea (Roxb.) Bur. in DC. Prodr. 17: 238. 1873; Schneid. in Sarg. Pl. Wils. 3: 295. 1916, pro syn. sub. M. alba Linn.
乔木或为灌木，高3-10米或更高，胸径可达50厘米，树皮厚，灰色，具不规则浅 纵裂；冬芽红褐色，卵形，芽鳞覆瓦状排列，灰褐色，有细毛；小枝有细毛。叶卵形或 广卵形，长5-15厘米，宽5-12厘米，先端急尖、渐尖或圆钝，基部圆形至浅心形，边 缘锯齿粗钝，有时叶为各种分裂，表面鲜绿色，无毛，背面沿脉有疏毛，脉腋有簇毛；叶 柄长1.5-5.5厘米，具柔毛；托叶披针形，早落，外面密被细硬毛。花单性，腋生或生 于芽鳞腋内，与叶同时生出；雄花序下垂，长2-3.5厘米，密被白色柔毛，雄花。花被 片宽椭圆形，淡绿色。花丝在芽时内折，花药2室，球形至肾形，纵裂；雌花序长1-2 厘米，被毛，总花梗长5-10毫米被柔毛，雌花无梗，花被片倒卵形，顶端圆钝，外面 和边缘被毛，两侧紧抱子房，无花柱，柱头2裂，内面有乳头状突起。聚花果卵状椭圆 形，长1-2.5厘米，成熟时红色或暗紫色。花期4-5月，果期5-8月。
本种原产我国中部和北部，现由东北至西南各省区，西北直至新疆均有栽培。朝鲜、 日本、蒙古、中亚各国、俄罗斯、欧洲等地以及印度、越南亦均有栽培。
树皮纤维柔细，可作纺织原料、造纸原料；根皮、果实及枝条入药。叶为养蚕的主 要饲料，亦作药用，并可作土农药。木材坚硬，可制家俱、乐器、雕刻等。桑椹可以酿 酒，称桑子酒。

《云南植物志》|| 桑科 Moraceae ||桑属 Morus Linn. ||桑 Morus alba L.

1.桑（本草经）图版158，1—2
家桑，桑树（湖北、四川、贵州、河北）
Morus alba L. (1733); Miq. (1866); Bur. in DC. (1873); Hemsl. (1899); Schneid. (1904), in Sarg. (1916); Merr. (1927); Gagnep. in Lecte. (1928); Hand. -Mazz. (1929); Koiuz. (1930); Hotta (1939); 海南植物志 (1965); "图鉴" (1972)*; 秦岭植物志 (1974)*; Kitam. et Murata (1979); Lee (1979)*; Yamezaki (1983); 西藏植物志 (1983).
乔木或灌木，高3—10米或更高，胸径可达50厘米；树皮厚，黄褐色，有纵裂。叶卵形至宽卵形，长5—15厘米，宽5—12厘米，先端急尖或钝尖，基部圆形至浅心形，稍偏斜，边缘锯齿粗钝，分裂或不分裂，叶面无毛，背面脉腋有丛生毛；叶柄长1.5—2.5厘米，有或无毛；托叶披针形，早落。雄花序下垂，长2—3.5厘米，绿白色，花被片4，宽椭圆形，密被微柔毛，花丝在开花时伸出花被片外，花药球形，黄色；雌花序长1—2厘米，被毛；雌花无梗，花被片倒卵形，外面和边缘有毛，子房无花柱，柱头2裂，里面有乳头状突起。聚花果卵状椭圆形，长1—2厘米，直径约1厘米，成熟时紫黑色。花期4月，果期5月。
多数栽培，用以饲蚕，通常生海拔200—2800米的平原或山地；本种原产我国中部和北部，现从东北到西南均有栽培。朝鲜、日本、中亚、欧洲等地也有栽培。
茎皮纤维可供纺织原料，造纸原料；根、皮、叶、果、枝条入药；木材坚硬，可供家具、木器、雕刻等；尤以桑叶为饲蚕重要饲料。

《Flora of North America》|| Moraceae || Morus || Morus alba

1. Morus alba Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 986. 1753.

White mulberry, Russian mulberry, silkworm mulberry, mûrier blanc, moral blanco

Morus alba var. tatarica (Linnaeus) Seringe; M . Tatarica Linnaeus

Shrubs or trees , to 15 m. Bark brown tinged with red or yellow, thin, shallowly furrowed, with long, narrow ridges. Branchlets orange-brown or dark green with reddish cast, pubescent or occasionally glabrous; lenticels reddish brown, elliptic, prominent. Buds ovoid, 4-6 mm, apex acute to rounded; outer scales yellow-brown with dark margins, glabrous or with a few marginal trichomes; leaf scars half round, bundle scars numerous, in circle. Leaves: stipules ovate to lanceolate, 5-9 mm, pubescent; petiole 2.5-5 cm, short-pubescent. Leaf blade ovate, often deeply and irregularly lobed, (6-)8-10 × 3-6 cm, base cuneate, truncate, or cordate, margins coarsely serrate to crenate, apex acute to short-acuminate; surfaces abaxially glabrous or sparingly pubescent along major veins or in tufts in axils of principal lateral veins and midribs, adaxially glabrous to sparsely pubescent. Catkins: peduncle and axis pubescent; staminate catkins 2.5-4 cm; pistillate catkins 5-8 mm. Flowers: staminate and pistillate on same or different plants. Staminate flowers: sepals distinct, green with red tip, ca. 1.5 mm, pubescent; filaments ca. 2.7 mm. Pistillate flowers: ovary green, ovoid, slightly compressed, ca. 2 mm, glabrous; style branches divergent, red-brown, 0.5-1 mm; stigma papillose. Syncarps red when immature, becoming black, purple, or nearly white, cylindric, 1.5-2.5 × 1 cm; achenes light brown, ovoid, 2-3 mm.

Flowering spring-summer. Disturbed areas, woodland margins, fencerows, dry to moist thickets; 0-1500 m; introduced; Ont.; Ala., Ark., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; Europe; native to e Asia.

Morus alba is sometimes planted and possibly naturalized in Arizona, California, and New Mexico. It is reported from Washington as a local escape.

Mulberry leaves provide the natural food for silkworms. Commercially cultivated mulberries are varieties of Morus alba ; they are prized as shade trees with edible fruits.

Morus alba and M . rubra are both highly variable and are often confused. Both species have deeply lobed to entire leaves and are variable in pubescence. Some individuals are intermediate in leaf pubescence, suggesting the possibility of hybridization.

Native Americans used infusions made from the bark of Morus alba medicinally in various ways: as a laxative, as a treatment for dysentary, and as a purgative (D. E. Moerman 1986.

《Flora of China》|| Moraceae || Morus || Morus alba

1. Morus alba Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 986. 1753.

桑 sang

Shrubs or trees, 3-10 m tall. Bark gray, shallowly furrowed. Branches finely hairy. Winter buds reddish brown, ovoid, finely hairy. Stipules lanceolate, 2-3.5 cm, densely covered with short pubescence. Petiole 1.5-5.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, irregularly lobed, 5-30 × 5-12 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent along midvein or in tufts in axil of midvein and primary lateral veins, adaxially bright green and glabrous, base rounded to ± cordate, margin coarsely serrate to crenate, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Male catkins pendulous, 2-3.5 cm, densely white hairy. Female catkins 1-2 cm, pubescent; peduncle 5-10 mm, pubescent. Male flowers: calyx lobes pale green, broadly elliptic; filaments inflexed in bud; anthers 2-loculed, globose to reniform. Female flowers: sessile; calyx lobes ovoid, ± compressed, with marginal hairs; ovary sessile, ovoid; style absent; stigmas with mastoidlike protuberance, branches divergent, papillose. Syncarp red when immature, blackish purple, purple, or greenish white when mature, ovoid, ellipsoid, or cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. Fl. Apr-May, fr. May-Aug.

* Originally endemic to C and N China, now cultivated throughout China [widely cultivated throughout the world].

The leaves provide food for silkworms, the bark fiber is used for textiles and paper, and the bark is also used for medicine.