《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||苦苣菜属 Sonchus L. ||花叶滇苦菜 Sonchus asper (L. ) Hill

1.花叶滇苦菜 断续菊（中国高等植物图鉴）图版15: 3
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill, Herbar. Britan 1: 47. 1769; Kirp. in Fl. URSS 29: 256. 1964; Ohwi, Fl. Jap. 969, 1965;中国高等植物图鉴4: 684.图6782, 1975;秦岭植物志1 (5): 402. 1985. ——S. oleraceus γ. et δ. asper L. Sp. p. 794. 1753. ——S. spinosus Lam., Fl. Fr. 2: 86, 1778.——S. asper Vill., Hist. Pl. Dauph. 3: 158. 1789; Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 2: 834. 1845——1846; Boiss., Fl. Or. 3: 796. 1875; Hook., f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 414. 1882; Franch. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 6: 68. 1883; Forbes et Hemsl. in journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 487. 1888; Ling in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peiping 3: 185. 19365. S. Y. Hu Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus 21 (3-4): 163. 1968.
一年生草本。根倒圆锥状，褐色，垂直直伸。茎单生或少数茎成簇生。茎直立，高20-50厘米，有纵纹或纵棱，上部长或短总状或伞房状花序分枝，或花序分枝极短缩，全部茎枝光滑无毛或上部及花梗被头状具柄的腺毛。基生叶与茎生叶同型，但较小；中下部茎叶长椭圆形、倒卵形、匙状或匙状椭圆形，包括渐狭的翼柄长7-13厘米，宽2-5厘米，顶端渐尖、急尖或钝，基部渐狭成短或较长的翼柄，柄基耳状抱茎或基部无柄，耳状抱茎；上部茎叶披针形，不裂，基部扩大，圆耳状抱茎。或下部叶或全部茎叶羽状浅裂、半裂或深裂，侧裂片4-5对椭圆形、三角形、宽镰刀形或半圆形。全部叶及裂片与抱茎的圆耳边缘有尖齿刺，两面光滑无毛，质地薄。头状花序少数C5个）或较多（10个）在茎枝顶端排稠密的伞房花序。总苞宽钟状，长约1.5厘米，宽1厘米；总苞片3-4层，向内层渐长，覆瓦状排列，绿色或绿色，草质，外层长披针形或长三角形，长3毫米，宽不足1毫米，中内层长椭圆状披针形至宽线形，长达1.5厘米，宽1.5-2毫米；全部苞片顶端急尖，外面光滑无毛。舌状小花黄色。瘦果倒披针状，褐色，长3毫米，宽1.1毫米，压扁，两面各有3条细纵肋，肋间无横皱纹。冠毛白色，长达7毫米，柔软，彼此纠缠，基部连合成环。花果期5-10月。
分布新疆（布尔津、吉木乃、塔城、托里、奇台、乌鲁木齐、巩留、昭苏、哈密、库尔勒、策勒）、山东（烟台）、江苏（南京）、安徽（琅玡、浙江（杭州）、江西（庐山）、湖北（汉口）、四川（天全）、云南、西藏（拉萨）。生于山坡、林缘及水边，海拔1 550-3 650米。欧洲、西亚、俄罗斯（西伯利亚、远东地区）、哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、日本、喜马拉雅山也有分布。模式标本采自欧洲。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||苦苣菜属 Sonchus L. ||花叶滇苦菜 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

1. 花叶滇苦菜 (云南种子植物名录)
续断菊 (图鉴) ，羊奶草，石头白
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (1769); C. B. Clarke (1876); Hook. f. (1881); Kitam. (1966), (1971); 图鉴 (1975)*; Kitam. et Gould in Hara et al. (1982); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 秦岭植物志 (1985); 贵州植物志 (1989)*; 中国植物志 (1997)*.
Sonchus oleraceus L. var. asper L. (1753); S. asper Vill. (1789); Hook. f (1882); Franch. (1883); Forb. et Hemsl. (1888); Ling ( 1935); S. Y. Hu (1968).
一年生草本，高20-70厘米。主根圆柱状，向下渐窄，具多数侧根和纤维状细根。茎单一或稀少数簇生，直立，上部具花序分枝，茎和枝具纵棱，光滑无毛，稀先端被头状具柄腺毛。基生叶与茎生叶同型，但比茎下部叶小，具较长的翅柄；茎下部叶长椭圆形、倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形，长5-13厘米，宽2-5厘米，先端渐尖、急尖或钝，基部渐狭下延，边缘具不等长的刺尖齿，两面光滑无毛，叶柄短或较长，基部耳状抱茎，耳边缘有刺状尖齿，茎上部叶较小，披针形，基部扩大，圆耳状抱茎，有时茎下部叶或全部叶羽状浅裂至深裂，侧裂片4-5对，椭圆形、三角形、宽镰刀形或半圆形。头状花序5-10个，于茎顶排列成伞房状花序；花序梗长1-2.5厘米，通常无毛；总苞钟形或宽钟形，径1-1.5厘米；总苞片3-4层，草质，外层长披针形或长三角形，长3-4毫米，具1条粗壮的脉，中、内层长椭圆状披针形至线状披针形，长12-15毫米，具1条细脉，边缘狭膜质，全部总苞片先端急尖，背面无毛。小花多数，舌片黄色，条形，长3-4毫米，管部纤细，长6-7毫米。瘦果倒卵形，长2.5-3毫米，宽约1毫米，淡褐色，压扁，两面各具3条纤细等粗的纵肋，肋间无横皱纹；冠毛白色，长6-7毫米，多数，柔软，相互纠缠。花果期5-10月。
“中国植物志”记载云南有分布，“云南种子植物名录”载产于昆明、大理，标本未见。我国华东、湖北、新疆、四川、西藏有分布；生于海拔1550-3650米的山坡、林缘及水边。欧洲、西亚、俄罗斯至日本及喜马拉雅地区也有。
全草药用，清热解毒、消炎止血。

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Sonchus ||花叶滇苦菜 Sonchus asper

4. Sonchus asper (Linnaeus) Hill, Herb. Brit. 1: 47. 1769.

花叶滇苦菜 hua ye dian ku cai

Sonchus oleraceus Linnaeus var. asper Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753; S. spinosus Lamarck.

Herbs 20-50 cm tall, annual. Stem usually unbranched and glabrous below synflorescence. Basal and lower stem leaves extremely variable, obovate, spatulate, or elliptic, 7-13 × 2-5 cm, undivided or ± irregularly pinnatisect, glabrous, adaxially dark green and ± glossy, base attenuate and ± auriculate, margin usually densely spinulosely dentate, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse; lateral lobes ± triangular, semiorbicular, or elliptic. Middle and upper stem leaves spatulate to lanceolate, base auriculately clasping with conspicuous rounded and appressed auricles, otherwise similar to lower leaves. Synflorescence densely corymbiform, with few to some capitula. Capitula with many florets; peduncle 0.5-5 cm, slender, glabrous or densely glandular hairy. Involucre ± campanulate, ca. 1.2 cm. Phyllaries abaxially glabrous or more rarely glandular hairy, apex acute; outer phyllaries narrowly lanceolate, 1-2 mm wide. Corolla ca. 1 cm. Achene ± broadly obcolumnar, 2-3 mm, strongly compressed, ± winged, between lateral ribs usually with 3 slender ribs on either side, space between slender ribs much wider than ribs, smooth with only lateral ribs usually antrorsely finely spinulose. Pappus ca. 7 mm, ± caducous. Fl. and fr. May-Oct. 2n = 18.

Mountain slopes, forest margins, by water, field margins, ruderal areas; 1500-3700 m. Naturalized in Guangxi, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang, and Zhejiang [presumably originating from Europe and Mediterranean region].

Sonchus asper is naturalized in areas adjacent to China including Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan, Kashmir, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam. The species is also naturalized in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Australia, New Guinea, North and South America, and Pacific islands (New Zealand).

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Sonchus || Sonchus asper

2. Sonchus asper (Linnaeus) Hill, Herb. Brit. 1: 47. 1769.

Spiny-leaf sow-thistle, laiteron rude

Sonchus oleraceus Linnaeus var. asper Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 794. 1753

Annuals or biennials, 10–120(–200+) cm. Stem bases soft, herbaceous, hollow. Leaves: blades of mid cauline spatulate or oblong to obovate or lanceolate, 6–30 × 1–15 cm, bases auriculate, auricles often recurved or curled, rounded, margins often pinnately lobed, lobes ± deltate (not constricted at bases), terminals usually larger than laterals, usually prickly-dentate. Peduncles usually stipitate-glandular, sometimes glabrous. Involucres 9–13+ mm. Phyllaries usually stipitate-glandular. Corollas: ligules mostly shorter than tubes. Cypselae stramineous to reddish brown, mostly ellipsoid, strongly compressed, ± winged, 2–3 mm, ribs 3(–5) on each face, faces smooth across and between ribs; pappi 6–9 mm. 2n = 18.

Flowering (Mar–)Jul–Nov (year-round in south). Disturbed sites, roadsides, along streams; 0–2500+ m; introduced; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; Europe, w Asia, n Africa; introduced also in Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Bermuda, South America, e Asia, s Africa, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia.

L. Boulos (1973) distinguished subsp. asper (annuals with leaves mostly cauline, cypselae margins little or not at all curved and/or ciliate, and one pair of chromosomes with small satellites) from subsp. glaucescens (biennials with leaves mostly in rosettes, leaves mostly stiffer and more prickly than in subsp. asper, cypselae with curved, ciliate margins, and two pairs of chromosomes with large satellites) and noted that the two subspecies are morphologically rather difficult to distinguish if the specimen in hand lacks the rootstock or stem base.

According to H. N. Barber (1941), crosses between Sonchus asper and S. oleraceus resulted in sterile hybrids.