《中国植物志》|| 蔷薇科 ROSACEAE ||苹果系 Ser. Pumilae (Rehd.) Rehd. ||苹果 Malus pumila Mill.

6. 苹果（采兰杂志）奈（西京杂记），西洋苹果（中国树木分类学）
Malus pumila Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8. M. no. 3. 1768; Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubh. 1: 715. 1906 & in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 3: 177. 1906; Hand. -Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 463. 1933; 陈嵘, 中国树木分类学417. 图315. 1937; 刘慎谔等, 东北木本植物图志301. 图版105. 213. 1955; 俞德浚、阎振茏, 植物分类学报5: 90. 1956; Steward, Man. Vase. Pl. Lower Yangtze Valley 172. 1958; 北京师范大学, 北京植物志上册398. 1962; 中国高等植物图鉴 2: 236. 图2201. 1972. ——Pyrus malus L. Sp. Pl. 479. 1753. ——Malus dasyphylla Borkh. Theor. -Prakt. Handb. Forst. 2: 1271. 1803; Koidz. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189. 1934. ——Malus domestica Borkh. l. c. 1272. 1803; Juzep. in Fl. URSS 9: 365. 1939. ——Malus communis Poir. Encycl. Meth. Bot. 5: 560. 1840. ——Malus pumila var. domestics Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubh. 1: 715. f. 396. 1906.——Pyrus malus var. pumila Henry in Elwes & Henry, Trees Gt. Brit. Irel. 6: 1570. 1912. ——Malus dasyphylla var. domestica Koidz. in Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189. 1934. ——Malus silvestris subsp. mitis Mansfeld. in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. 49: 45. 1940.
乔木，高可达15米，多具有圆形树冠和短主干；小枝短而粗，圆柱形，幼嫩时密被绒毛，老枝紫褐色，无毛；冬芽卵形，先端钝，密被短柔毛。叶片椭圆形、卵形至宽椭圆形，长4.5-10厘米，宽3-5.5厘米，先端急尖，基部宽楔形或圆形，边缘具有圆钝锯齿，幼嫩时两面具短柔毛，长成后上面无毛；叶柄粗壮，长约1.5-3厘米，被短柔毛；托叶草质，披针形，先端渐尖，全缘，密被短柔毛，早落。伞房花序，具花3-7朵，集生于小枝顶端，花梗长1-2.5厘米，密被绒毛；苞片膜质，线状披针形，先端渐尖，全缘，被绒毛；花直径3-4厘米；萼筒外面密被绒毛；萼片三角披针形或三角卵形，长6-8毫米，先端渐尖，全缘，内外两面均密被绒毛，萼片比萼筒长；花瓣倒卵形，长15-18毫米，基部具短爪，白色，含苞未放时带粉红色；雄蕊20，花丝长短不齐，约等于花瓣之半；花柱5，下半部密被灰白色绒毛，较雄蕊稍长。果实扁球形，直径在2厘米以上，先端常有隆起，萼洼下陷，萼片永存，果梗短粗。花期5月，果期7-10月。
辽宁、河北、山西、山东、陕西、甘肃、四川、云南、西藏常见栽培。适生于山坡梯田、平原矿野以及黄土丘陵等处，海拔50-2500米。原产欧洲及亚洲中部，栽培历史已久，全世界温带地区均有种植。
本种是著名落叶果树，经济价值很高。全世界栽培品种总数在一千以上。我国现在栽培的重要品种有自欧美直接输入者，也有自日本转来者，也有自己培育成的新品种。早期栽培的中国苹果品种有片红、彩苹、白檎等，属于早熟种，不耐储藏，经久质变，俗称绵苹果。河北、山西、陕西、甘肃等地有小量生产。近期传入中国的苹果，俗称西洋苹果，系在1870年开始引入烟台，以后在青岛、威海卫以及辽宁、河北等地陆续栽培。现在我国苹果的生产以辽宁的熊岳、大连、金县，河北的昌黎、秦皇岛，山东的烟台、龙口、青岛等地为重点产区。早熟品种有黄魁、红魁、金花、早生赤，中熟品种有祝、旭、金冠、优花皮，晚熟品种有红玉、国光、白龙、元帅、香蕉等。河北出产的香果或名虎拉车可能为本种与花红的杂交种。

《云南植物志》|| 蔷薇科 Rosaceae ||苹果属 Malus Mill. ||苹果 Malus pumila Mill.

5.苹果（采兰杂志）图版103: 6-7
西洋苹果（中国树木分类学），奈（西京杂记），超风子、天然子（滇南本草）
Malus pumila Mill. (1768); Schneid. (1906); Hand.-Mazz. (1933); 中国树木分类学 (1937)*; 俞德浚、阎振龙 (1956); Steward (1958); 图鉴 (1982)*; 中国植物志(1974); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); Flora of China (2003).
Pyrus malus L. (1753); Malus domestica Barkh. (1803); M. dasyphylla Borkh. (1803); Koidz. (1934); M. communis Poir. (1840); M. niedzwetzkyana Dieck ex Koehne (1893); M. pumila var. domestica Schneid. (1906)*; M. dasyphylla var. domestica Koidz. (1934); M. domestica subsp. pumila (Mill.) Likh. (1983); M. silvestris subsp. mitis Mansfeld. (1940) Pyrus malus var. pumila Henry in Elwes et Henry (1912).
乔木，高可达15米。多具有圆形树冠和短主干；小枝短而粗，圆柱形，嫩时密被绒毛，老枝紫褐色，无毛；冬芽卵形，先端钝，密被短柔毛。叶片椭圆形，卵形至宽椭圆形，长4.5-10厘米，宽3-5.5厘米，先端急尖，基部宽楔形或圆形，边缘具钝圆锯齿，幼时两面具短柔毛，长成后上面无毛；叶柄粗壮，长1.5-3厘米，被短柔毛；托叶草质，披针形，先端渐尖，全缘，密被短柔毛，早落。伞房花序有花3-7朵，集生于小枝顶端，花梗长1-2.5厘米，密被绒毛；苞片膜质，线状披针形，先端渐尖，全缘，被绒毛；花直径3-4厘米；萼筒外面密被绒毛，萼片三角状披针形或三角状卵形，长6-8毫米，基部具爪，白色，含苞未放时带粉红色；雄蕊20，花丝长短不一，约等于花瓣之半长；花柱5，下半部密被灰白色绒毛，较雄蕊稍长。果实扁球形，直径在2厘米以上，顶端常有隆起，萼洼下陷，萼片宿存；果梗粗短。花期5月，果期7-10月。
云南省各地均有栽培。
本种原产欧洲和亚洲西南部，为著名落叶果树，经济价值极高。全世界栽培品种总数在1000以上。自1870年传入我国以来，现在栽培的重要品种有自欧美直接输入者，也有日本转来者和我国自己培育成的新品种。

《Flora of North America》|| Amaryllidaceae || Rosaceae subfam. Amygdaloideae || Malus pumila

5. Malus pumila Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Malus no. 3. 1768.

Orchard or common or paradise crabapple, pommier commun

Pyrus malus Linnaeus var. paradisiaca Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 479. 1753; M. sylvestris Miller; P. malus Linnaeus

Trees, 20–100(–150) dm. Stems 5–30 cm diam.; bark dark gray or gray-brown, scaly; young branches dark brown or reddish brown, densely tomentose, becoming glabrous; flowering shoots becoming spurs, 40–150 mm. Buds dark red or purple, ovoid, 3–4(–5) mm, scale margins densely puberulous. Leaves convolute in bud; isomorphic; stipules deciduous, lanceolate, 3–5 mm, apex acuminate; petiole 10–35 mm, tomentose to sparsely pubescent; blade elliptic, ovate, or broadly elliptic, (2–)5–10 × (1–)3–6.5 cm, base broadly cuneate or rounded, margins unlobed, obtusely serrate, sometimes serrate-crenate, apex acute, abaxial surface glabrescent, adaxial densely puberulent. Panicles umbel-like; peduncles absent; bracteoles deciduous, filiform, 5–7 mm. Pedicels 10–25 mm, puberulous. Flowers 30–40 mm diam.; hypanthium tomentose; sepals ˂reflexed at flowering˃, triangular-lanceolate or triangular-ovate, 6–8 mm, equal to or longer than tube, apex acuminate, surfaces tomentose; petals (rose in bud) white, sometimes pink, obovate, 15–25 mm, claws 1 mm, margins entire, apex rounded; stamens 20, 9–10 mm, anthers yellow before dehiscence; styles 5, basally connate less than 1/2 length, 9–10 mm, slightly longer than stamens, basally gray-tomentose; ˂stigmas green˃. Pomes green, yellow, or red, ˂pure, striped, or blushed˃, globose or depressed-globose, 20–50(–70) mm diam., ˂skin with bloom or wax, sometimes russetted or dotted˃, cores enclosed at apex; sepals persistent, erect; sclereids absent. Seeds light brown. 2n = 34 (51, 68).

Flowering Apr–May; fruiting Jul–Oct. Abandoned or naturalized in thickets, forests, fields, fence edges, shores, roadsides; 0–1600 m; introduced; St. Pierre and Miquelon; B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Ala., Alaska, Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.C., Tenn., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; c Asia; introduced also in Mexico, Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala), South America (Argentina), Europe, e Asia, Africa (South Africa), Pacific Islands (New Zealand, Tristan da Cunha), Australia.

Malus pumila is cultivated for its edible apple. Historically, the nomenclature of the orchard apple has been confusing, with many species names applied to cultivar groups. Based on extensive nomenclatural research, D. J. Mabberley et al. (2001) concluded that M. pumila is the correct binomial for the species of central Asia that is ancestral to orchard apples. Commonly used binomials, such as M. domestica Borkhausen (an illegitimate name), M. paradisiaca (Linnaeus) Medikus, and M. sylvestris, have been placed in synonymy. Quian G. Z. et al. (2010) have proposed to conserve M. domestica and reject M. pumila. Their proposal is still under consideration by the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants.

Some trees, although originally planted, may appear naturalized when found in old, overgrown areas. Naturalized trees are derived from seeds distributed by birds and mammals and from apples discarded by people. Trees grown from seeds often produce small, bitter, and sour fruit.