《中国植物志》|| 罂粟科 PAPAVERACEAE ||罂粟属 Papaver L. ||野罂粟 Papaver nudicaule L.

5.野罂粟（东北植物检索表）山大烟、山米壳、野大烟、岩罂粟（东北），山罂粟（中国高等植物图鉴），小罂粟（新疆），橘黄罂粟
Papaver nudicaule L. Sp. pl. ed. 1：507. 1753; DC. Prodr. 1：117. 1824; Fedde in Engl. Pflanzenr. 4: 376. 1909; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. 2：270. 1830; N. Busch Fl. Sib. et Or. Extr. 1: 20. 1913; Fl. Kazachst. 4: 154. 1916; Fl. URSS 7: 606. 1937; Kitag. Lineam Fl. Mansh. 235. 1939 (cum f. arenicola Kitag.); 东北草本植物志4: 6,图版4, 1980;新疆植物检索表2: 335. 1980; P. Y. Fu in Bull. Bot. Research, 9 (2): 17. 1989, sensu ampl.——Papaver croceum Ledeb. in Fl. Alt. 2: 271. 1830; Hook. in Curts's Bot. Mag. n. s. 4, t. 3035. 1830; Fl. URSS 7: 607. 1937; Fl. Kazachst. 4: 154, fig. 21: 7. 1961; Randel in Fedde Repert. 84: 672. 1973; 新疆植物检索表2: 335, 图版13: 4-5. 1980.——P. alpinum L. var. croceum lusus e chinense Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 34, 2: 132. 1861, in adn. ——P. nudicaule L. Subsp. rubro-aurantiacum (Fisch. ex DC.) Fedde 1. c. 381. 1909;秦岭植物志1 (2): 364,图311. 1974;湖北植物志2: 10. 1979;内蒙古植物志2: 283,图版148: 1-3. 1978.——P. nudicaule L. subsp. rubro-aurantiacum (Fisch. ex DC.) Fedde var. subcorydalifolium Fedde, var. corydalifolium Fedde, var. isopyroides Fedde in Engl. Pflanzenr. 4: 381-384. 1909; et var. chinense Fedde 1. c. 384. 1909; 中国高等植物图鉴2: 7, 图1793. 1972; 东北草本植物志4: 8,图版5: 2. 1980——P. tenellum A. Tolm. in Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 24: 40. 1930; Fl. URSS 7; 606. 1937; Fl. Kazachst. 4: 156, tab. 21, fig. 6. 1961; 新疆植物检索表2: 335. 1980.——P. chinense (Regel) Kitag. in Journ. Jap. Bot. 29: 169. 1954.——P. croceum Ledeb. subsp. chinense (Regel) Randel in Fedde Repert. 84: 676. 1973.——P. nudicaule L. var. saxatile Kitag. in Journ. Jap. Bot. 69. 1943;东北草本植物志4: 8,图版5: 1. 1980; P. Y. Fu in Bull. Bot. Research 9 (2): 18. 1989.
多年生草本，高20-60厘米。主根圆柱形，延长，上部粗2-5毫米，向下渐狭，或为纺锤状；根茎短，增粗，通常不分枝，密盖麦杆色、覆瓦状排列的残枯叶鞘。茎极缩短。叶全部基生，叶片轮廓卵形至披针形，长3-8厘米，羽状浅裂、深裂或全裂，裂片2-4对，全缘或再次羽状浅裂或深裂，小裂片狭卵形、狭披针形或长圆形，先端急尖、钝或圆，两面稍具白粉，密被或疏被刚毛，极稀近无毛；叶柄长（1-）5-12厘米，基部扩大成鞘，被斜展的刚毛。花葶1至数枚，圆柱形，直立，密被或疏被斜展的刚毛。花单生于花葶先端；花蕾宽卵形至近球形，长1.5-2厘米，密被褐色刚毛，通常下垂；萼片2，舟状椭圆形，早落；花瓣4，宽楔形或倒卵形，长(1.5-)2-3厘米，边缘具浅波状圆齿，基部具短爪，淡黄色、黄色或橙黄色，稀红色；雄蕊多数，花丝钻形，长0.6-1厘米，黄色或黄绿色，花药长圆形，长1-2毫米，黄白色、黄色或稀带红色；子房倒卵形至狭倒卵形，长0.5-1厘米，密被紧贴的刚毛，柱头4-8，辐射状。蒴果狭倒卵形、倒卵形或倒卵状长圆形，长1-1.7厘米，密被紧贴的刚毛，具4-8条淡色的宽肋；柱头盘平扁，具疏离、缺刻状的圆齿。种子多数，近肾形，小，褐色，表面具条纹和蜂窝小孔穴。花果期5-9月。
产河北、山西、内蒙古、黑龙江、陕西、宁夏、新疆等地，生于海拔（580-)1000-2500（-3500）米的林下、林缘、山坡草地，许多省区有栽培。两半球的北极区及中亚和北美等地有分布。

《Flora of China》|| Papaveraceae || Papaver ||野罂粟 Papaver nudicaule

5. Papaver nudicaule Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 507. 1753.

野罂粟 ye ying su

Papaver alpinum Linnaeus lusus chinense Regel; P. chinense (Regel) Kitagawa; P. croceum Ledebour; P. croceum subsp. chinense (Regel) Rändel; P. nudicaule var. chinense (Regel) Fedde; P. nudicaule var. corydalifolium Fedde; P. nudicaule var. isopyroides Fedde; P. nudicaule subsp. rubroaurantiacum (Fischer ex Candolle) Fedde; P. nudicaule var. saxatile Kitagawa; P. nudicaule var. subcorydalifolium Fedde; P. rubroaurantiacum Fischer ex Candolle; P. tenellum Tolmatchew.

Herbs, perennial, 20-60 cm tall, very variable. Taproot terete, extended, upper part 2-5 mm in diam., attenuate or fusiform toward base; rootstock short, thickened, usually simple. Stems very short or apparently absent. Leaves tufted, all basal; petiole (1-)5-12 cm, basally ampliate to sheath, inclined-setose; blade slightly glaucous on both surfaces, ovate to lanceolate, 3-8 cm, both surfaces densely or sparsely gray setose, rarely nearly glabrous, pinnatilobate, pinnatipartite, or pinnatisect; lobes 2-4 pairs, entire or pinnatilobate or pinnatipartite again; lobules narrowly ovate, narrowly lanceolate, or oblong, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded. Scapes 1 to several, erect, terete, densely or sparsely inclined compressed-setose. Flowers solitary, terminal, scapose, cup-shaped, 4-6 cm in diam. Flower buds usually nutant, broadly ovoid to globose, 1.5-2 cm, densely brown setose. Sepals 2, caducous, corymbiform-elliptic. Petals 4, yellowish, yellow, or orange, rarely red, broadly cuneate or obovate, (1.5-)2-3 cm, basally shortly clawed, margin undulate-crenate. Stamens many; filaments yellow or olivine, subulate, 6-10 mm; anthers yellow-white, yellow, or rarely reddish, oblong, 1-2 mm. Ovary obovoid to narrowly obovoid, 5-10 mm, densely appressed setose; stigmas 4-8, actinomorphic. Capsule narrowly obovoid, obovoid, or obovoid-oblong, 1-1.7 cm, densely appressed whitish- or red-brown setose, slightly broadly 4-8-costate; stigma disk flat, distantly incised-crenate. Seeds many, brown, almost reniform, small, striate with alveolate foveolae. Fl. May-Sep. 2n = 14, 28*, 42.

Forest margins, grasslands, grassy steppes, slopes, meadows, valleys, river gravel, moraines, roadsides; (200-)1000-2500(-3500) m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Hubei, Jilin, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, E Sichuan, Xinjiang; cultivated in many provinces [Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (including Siberia), Tajikistan, Uzbekistan].

Cultivated plants, commonly referred to as "Iceland poppies," are of complex origin involving several other closely related species, including Papaver radicatum Rottbøll.

This is a very variable species, with a number of variants recognized at the rank of forma, including plants with petals yellow or orange, ovary and capsule setose (Papaver nudicaule f. nudicaule, distribution as for the species); similar characters but petals white (P. nudicaule f. seticarpum (P. Y. Fu) H. Chuang, recorded from Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Nei Mongol); petals yellow or orange, ovary and capsule glabrous (P. nudicaule var. aquilegioides Fedde, recorded from Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, W Hubei, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and E Sichuan); and same characters but petals white (P. nudicaule f. amurense (N. Busch) H. Chuang, recorded from Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Nei Mongol).

《Flora of North America》|| Papaveraceae || Papaver || Papaver nudicaule

5. Papaver nudicaule Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 507. 1753.

Subspecies numerous (1 in the flora): boreal North America, Europe, Asia.

《Flora of North America》|| Papaveraceae || Papaver || Papaver nudicaule

5a. Papaver nudicaule subsp. americanum Rändel ex D. F. Murray, Novon. 5: 294. 1995.

Plants loosely cespitose, to 2(-4) dm. Leaves to 20 cm; petiole to 2/3 length of leaf; blade gray-green abaxially, green adaxially, lanceolate, deeply 1-2×-lobed with 3-4 pairs of primary lateral lobes, glabrate or setose adaxially with long white trichomes; primary lobes lanceolate or strap-shaped. Inflorescences: scapes erect, hispid. Flowers to 6 cm diam.; petals yellow or white; anthers yellow; stigmas 5-6, disc flat to convex-umbonate. Capsules subglobose to ellipsoid, conspicuously ribbed, to 2.5 times longer than broad, to 1.5 cm, strigose with light (ivory) trichomes having abruptly expanded bases. 2 n = 28.

Flowering Jun-Aug. Dry, exposed, rocky openings such as on steep slopes, screes, and outcrops; 300-1000 m; Yukon; Alaska.

Papaver nudicaule grows in the boreal forest of the continental interior and disjunct westward along the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers. It includes numerous red, white, and yellow cultivars of the so-called Iceland poppy encountered along the road system in Alaska, Canada, southwestern Greenland, and no doubt elsewhere. The species was originally described from Siberian material, to which our subsp. americanum has obvious affinities (U. Rändel 1977).