《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||菊苣属 Cichorium L. ||菊苣 Cichorium intybus L.

1.菊苣 图版2：1-2
Cichorium intybus L., Sp. Pl. 813. 1753; DC., Prodr. 7 (1): 84. 1838; Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 2: 774, 1845-1846; Boiss., Fl, Or. 3: 715, 1875; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 391, 1881; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 474, 1888; Kia, Pl. Sin Ill. 39. fig. 63. 1937; 剂慎谔等, 东北植物检索表432.1959; Tzvel. in Fl. URSS 29: 16. 1964; S. Y. H in Quart. Journ. Taiwan. Mus. 19 (1-2): 49. 1966; 中国高等植物图鉴4: 669.图6752, 1975.秦岭植物志1(5): 391, 1985.
多年生草本，高40-100厘米。茎直立，单生，分枝开展或极开展，全部茎枝绿色，有条棱，被极稀疏的长而弯曲的糙毛或刚毛或几无毛。基生叶莲座状，花期生存，倒披针状长椭圆形，包括基部渐狭的叶柄，全长15-34厘米，宽2-4厘米，基部渐狭有翼柄，大头状倒向羽状深裂或羽状深裂或不分裂而边缘有稀疏的尖锯齿，侧裂片3-6对或更多，顶侧裂片较大，向下侧裂片渐小，全部侧裂片镰刀形或不规则镰刀形或三角形。茎生叶少数，较小，卵状倒披针形至披针形，无柄，基部圆形或戟形扩大半抱茎。全部叶质地薄，两面被稀疏的多细胞长节毛，但叶脉及边缘的毛较多。头状花序多数，单生或数个集生于茎顶或枝端，或2-8个为一组沿花枝排列成穗状花序。总苞圆柱状，长8-12毫米；总苞片2层，外层披针形，长8-13毫米，宽2-2.5毫米，上半部绿色，草质，边缘有长缘毛，背面有极稀疏的头状具柄的长腺毛或单毛，下半部淡黄白色，质地坚硬，革质；内层总苞片线状披针形，长达1.2厘米， 宽约2毫米，下部稍坚硬，上部边缘及背面通常有极稀疏的头状具柄的长腺毛并杂有长单毛。舌状小花蓝色，长约14毫米，有色斑。瘦果倒卵状、椭圆状或倒楔形，外层瘦果压扁，紧贴内层总苞片，3-5棱，顶端截形，向下收窄，褐色，有棕黑色色斑。冠毛极短，2-3层，膜片状，长0.2-0.3毫米。花果期5-10月。
分布北京（百花山）、黑龙江（饶河）、辽宁（大连）、山西（汾阳）、陕西（西安、眉县、周至）、新疆（阿勒泰、哈巴河、福海、塔城、托里、裕民、博乐、沙湾、玛纳斯、乌鲁木齐、米泉、伊宁、察布察尔）、江西（遂川）。生于滨海荒地、河边、水沟边或山坡。
本种广布欧洲、亚洲、北非。模式标本采自欧洲。
菊苣叶可调制生菜，在我国四川（成都）及广东等有引种栽培。它的根含菊糖及芳香族物质，可提制代用咖啡，促进人体消化器官活动。

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Cichorium || Cichorium intybus

1. Cichorium intybus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 813. 1753.

Chicory, chicorée

Perennials (sometimes flowering first year). Leaves: blades of basal 5–35+ × 1–8(–12+) cm; cauline similar, smaller, narrower, distal mostly linear. Peduncles mostly 0–2 mm, some narrowly clavate, 12–45(–85+) mm. Phyllaries: outer 5–6 lance-ovate to lanceolate, 4–7 mm, basally cartilaginous, distally herbaceous, inner 8+ lance-linear to linear, 6–12 mm, herbaceous, all usually with some gland-tipped hairs 0.5–0.8 mm on margins near bases or on abaxial faces toward tips. Cypselae 2–3 mm; pappi 0.01–0.2 mm. 2n = 18.

Flowering Apr–Jul. Disturbed sites; 0–1500 m; introduced; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ark., Calif., Conn., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Maine, Mass., Mich., Mo., Nev., N.H., N.Y., N.C., Pa., R.I., Tex., Utah, Vt.; Europe; Asia; introduced also in Africa, South America.

Leaves of Cichorium intybus are sometimes used as salad greens; the roasted roots are sometimes ground and used as an addition to (or adulterant of) coffee.

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Cichorium ||菊苣 Cichorium intybus

1. Cichorium intybus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 813. 1753.

菊苣 ju ju

Herbs 40-110 cm tall, perennial, with a strong taproot. Stem usually solitary, erect; branches spreading-ascending, subglabrous. Basal leaves rosulate, obovate to oblanceolate, 15-34 × 2-4 cm, attenuate into a petiole-like basal portion, undivided to usually runcinately pinnatipartite, sparsely covered with long multicellular hairs, base attenuate, margin dentate; lateral lobes 3-6 pairs, triangular; terminal lobe distinctly larger than lateral ones, apex rounded to acute. Stem leaves similar to basal leaves but smaller and less divided, gradually reduced toward stem apex, base clasping, apex acute. Synflorescence of main axis and larger branches spiciform-paniculiform. Capitula axillary and terminal, solitary or in clusters of a few, sessile or on a several cm long, thick, and apically slightly inflated peduncle, with usually 15-20 florets. Involucre cylindric, 0.9-1.4 cm. Phyllaries abaxially sparsely with glandular or simple hairs, apex ± acute; outer phyllaries lanceolate, longest > 1/2 as long as to approaching inner ones in length, spreading-erect, margin ciliate; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate. Florets blue or exceptionally pink or bluish white. Achene brown, subcylindric to obovoid, 2-3 mm, stout, rugulose, apex truncate. Pappus (0.1-)0.2-0.3 mm. Fl. May-Oct. 2n = 18.

By rivers, wastelands along seashores, slopes, by ditches; low elevations. ?Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, ?Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Taiwan, Xinjiang [N Africa, C and SW Asia, Europe].

Escaped as a ruderal weed in many parts of the world, this species was formerly cultivated as a medicinal plant but more recently is grown as an ornamental and coffee substitute.

A second species, Cichorium pumilum Jacquin (as C. glandulosum Boissier & A. Huet) was reported for Xinjiang (Y. P. Gu & Y. S. Chen, Fl. Tsinling. 1(5): 391. 1985; C. H. An, Fl. Xinjiang. 5: 386. 1999). The presence of this Mediterranean-SW Asian species is highly unlikely, and, as also concluded by Tzvelev (Rast. Tsentral. Azii 14b: 14. 2008), the description ("pappus scales ca. 0.1 mm") refers to populations within the range of variation of C. intybus (including C. glaucum Hoffmannsegg & Link; see also A. M. Kiers, Gorteria, Suppl. 5. 2000).