《中国植物志》|| 伞形科 UMBELLIFERAE ||阿米芹族异型类 Ammineae-heteroclitae Drude ||柴胡属 Bupleurum L.

31．柴胡属——Bupleurum L.
L. Sp. pl. ed 1: 236. 1753; Gen. pl. ed 1. 78. 1737.
通常多年生，较少一年生草本，有木质化的主根和须状支根。茎直立或倾斜，高大或矮小，枝互生或上部呈叉状分枝，光滑，绿色或粉绿色，有时带紫色。单叶全缘，基生叶多有柄，叶柄有鞘，叶片膜质、草质或革质；茎生叶通常无柄，基部较狭，抱茎，心形或被茎贯穿，叶脉多条近平行呈弧形。花序通常为疏松的复伞形花序，顶生或腋生；总苞片1-5，叶状，不等大；小总苞片3-10，线状披针形、倒卵形、广卵形至圆形，短于或长过于小伞形花序，绿色、黄色或带紫色；复伞形花序有少数至多数伞辐；花两性；萼齿不显；花瓣5，黄色，有时蓝绿色或带紫色，长圆形至圆形，顶端有内折小舌片；雄蕊5，花药黄色，很少紫色；花柱分离，很短，花柱基扁盘形，直径超过子房或相等。分生果椭圆形或卵状长圆形，两侧略扁平，果棱线形，稍有狭翅或不明显，横剖面圆形或近五边形；每棱槽内有油管1-3，多为3，合生面2-6，多为4，有时油管不明显；心皮柄2裂至基部，胚乳腹面平直或稍弯曲。
本属约100余种，主要分布在北半球的亚热带地区。我国现知有36种17变种，7变型，多产于西北与西南高原地区，其他地区也有，但种类较少。
本属模式种：圆叶柴胡 Bupleurum rotundifolium L.
柴胡为常用中药，我国自古以来一直广泛应用，为解热要药，有解热、镇痛、利胆等作 用。据报道，现各地有制成柴胡注射液的，用以治疗流感、感冒等上呼吸道感染。本属植物 作为中药柴胡原料的约20种，主要的种类有：北柴胡 B. chinense DC. 、银州柴胡 B. yinchowense Shan et Y. Li、红柴胡 B. scorzonerifolium willd. 、黑柴胡B. smithii Wolff 以及马尾柴胡 B. microcephalum Diels、锥叶柴胡 B. bicaule Helm. 等。

《云南植物志》|| 伞形科 Umbelliferae, nom. fam. conserv. ||葛缕子亚族 Carinae ||柴胡属 Bupleurum L.

23.柴胡属 Bupleurum L.
多年生草本，较少为一年生，直根一般细瘦，长或短，常具须状支根。茎通常直立，少有倾斜或匍伏，高大或矮小，枝条互生或上部呈叉状分枝，光滑，具细条纹，绿色或粉绿色，有时带紫色或紫红色。单叶全缘，基生叶多有柄，叶柄有鞘，叶片膜质、草质或革质；茎生叶通常无柄，基部较狭，抱茎，心形或被茎贯穿，叶脉多条近平行呈弧形。复伞形花序顶生和腋生，总苞片1—5，卵形或卵状披针形，不等大；小伞形花序有花少数至多数；小总苞片3—10，线状披针形，卵形至圆形，短于或长于小伞形花序，绿色、黄色或紫色以至紫红色；花两性；萼齿不显；花瓣5，黄色，有时为蓝绿色或带紫色，长圆形至圆形，顶端有内折小舌片；雄蕊5，花药黄色，很少紫色，花柱基扁盘形，与子房等宽或超过。分生果椭圆形或卵状长圆形，略为两侧扁平，横剖面五边形或近圆形，果棱线形突起呈翅状或不显，通常五棱等宽；每棱槽内有油管1—3，合生面油管2—6，偶有油管不明显；心皮柄2裂至基部，胚乳腹面平直或微凹入。
本属约100余种（或70—150种），主要分布于北半球的温带、亚热带地区，欧亚、北非为多，寒带北美及南非各1种。我国约有40种20余变种和变型，多产于西北与西南高原地区，其他地区也有，但种类较少；云南13种及5变种。
柴胡为常用中药，我国自古以来一直广泛应用，为解热要药，有解热、镇痛、利胆等作用。本属植物作为中药柴胡原料的约20种。云南产柴胡入药的有竹叶柴胡、窄竹叶柴胡、川滇柴胡、泸西柴胡等多种。

《Flora of China》|| Apiaceae || ||柴胡属 Bupleurum

34. Bupleurum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 236. 1753.

柴胡属 chai hu shu

She Menglan (佘孟兰 Sheh Meng-lan); Mark F. Watson

Herbs perennial, rarely annual, glabrous. Rootstock usually short, woody. Stem alternate or dichotomously branched, green or glaucous, base with or without fibrous remnant sheaths. Leaves entire, petioles sheathing; blade membranous, herbaceous or coriaceous, usually with parallel venation, base usually tapering into petiole. Cauline leaves often sessile, clasping, auriculate or perfoliate. Inflorescence loose, umbels compound, terminal and lateral; bracts several, conspicuous, often similar to uppermost leaves; rays few to many; bracteoles several, conspicuous. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals yellow, greenish-yellow, tinged purple or purple, oblong to orbicular, apex narrowly inflexed. Stylopodium conic, low-conic or discoid; styles short, often reflexed. Fruit oblong to ovoid-oblong or ellipsoid, slightly laterally compressed, mericarps subpentagonal (rarely rounded) in cross section; ribs 5, filiform, prominent or obscure; vittae 1–3(–6) in each furrow, 2–6(–8) on commissure, sometimes obscure. Seed face plane. Carpophore 2-cleft to base.

About 180 species: widespread in the N temperate zone, one species (B. mundtii Chamisso & Schlechtendal) in S Africa; introduced in Australasia; 42 species (22 endemic) in China.

This distinctive genus is easily recognized by the simple leaves and conspicuous bracts and bracteoles. Species within Bupleurum are, however, notoriously difficult to identify on account of wide morphological variation within a species, often spread across wide geographic distributions. Many Bupleurum species are difficult to characterize, as is evident by complex classifications where all possible taxonomic ranks have been used. Several taxa are recorded only from a few collections, and it is likely that future work will reduce the number of species. The roots of several species of Bupleurum are famous for their use as the traditional Chinese medicine “chai hu” for treatment of coughs, fevers, and influenza. Almost all of the species are recorded in the literature as regional substitutes for “chai hu” or for other local medicinal purposes. However, caution should be applied as a very few species are toxic (e.g., B. longiradiatum) and can result in “toxic strike” if misused as such substitutes.

Also see post-FOC publication: Wang, Chang-Bao et al. 2011. Fruit features of some Bupleurum species (Apiaceae) and their systematical implication. Plant Science J. 29: 399-408.