《中国植物志》|| 蕨科 PTERIDIACEAE ||蕨属 Pteridium Scopoli ||欧洲蕨 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

1．欧洲蕨
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in v. d. Decken's Reisen Ost.-Afr. Bot. 3 (3):11. 1879. ——Pteris aquilina L. Sp. P1. 2:1075. 1753.
植株高可达1米。根状茎长而横走，密被锈黄色柔毛，以后逐渐脱落。叶远生；柄长20-80厘米，基部粗3-6毫米，褐棕色或棕禾秆色，略有光泽，光滑，上面有浅纵沟1条；叶片阔三角形或长圆三角形，长30-60厘米，宽20-45厘米，先端渐尖，基部圆楔形，三回羽状；羽片4-6对，对生或近对生，斜展，基部一对最大（向上几对略变小），三角形，长15-25厘米，宽14-18厘米，柄长约3-5厘米，二回羽状；小羽片约10对，互生，斜展，披针形，长6-10厘米，宽1.5-2.5厘米，先端尾状渐尖（尾尖头的基部略呈楔形收缩），基部近平截，具短柄，一回羽状；裂片10-15对，平展，彼此接近，长圆形，长约14毫米，宽约5毫米，钝头或近圆头，基部不与小羽轴合生，分离，全缘；中部以上的羽片逐渐变为一回羽状，长圆披针形，基部较宽，对称，先端尾状，小羽片与下部羽片的裂片同形，部分小羽片的下部具1-3对浅裂片或边缘具波状圆齿。叶脉稠密，仅下面明显。叶干后近革质或革质，暗绿色，上面无毛，下面在裂片主脉上多少被棕色或灰白色的疏毛或近无毛。叶轴及羽轴均光滑，小羽轴上面光滑，下面被疏毛，少有密毛(f. pubescens)，各回羽轴上面均有深纵沟1条，沟内无毛。染色体2n=104。
产全国各地，但主要产于长江流域及以北地区，亚热带地区也有分布。生山地阳坡及森林边缘阳光充足的地方，海拔200-830米。也广布于世界其他热带及温带地区。模式标本采自加拿大纽芬兰和St. Pierre。
本种根状茎提取的淀粉称蕨粉，供食用，根状茎的纤维可制绳缆，能耐水湿，嫩叶可食，称蕨菜；全株均入药，驱风湿、利尿、解热，又可作驱虫剂。

《Flora of North America》|| Dennstaedtiaceae || Pteridium || Pteridium aquilinum

1. Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn in Decken, Reisen Ost-Afrika. 3(3): 11. 1879.

Bracken, fougère-aigle commune

Pteris aquilina Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1075. 1753

Petioles scattered along creeping stems, 0.3--3.5 m, shallowly to deeply grooved adaxially, base not strongly distinct from stem. Blades broadly deltate, papery to leathery, sparsely to densely hairy abaxially, rarely glabrous. Pinnae often opposite to subopposite [alternate]; proximal pinnae often prolonged basiscopically, each proximal pinna nearly equal to distal part of leaf in size and dissection (except in var. caudata ). Segments alternate, numerous.

Varieties 12 (4 in the flora): almost worldwide.

In accord with the most recent revision (R. M. Tryon 1941) of the genus, Pteridium is treated here as a single widespread species composed of two subspecies with 12 varieties. So treated, it is probably the most widespread species of all vascular plants, with the exception of a few annual weeds (F. H. Perring and B. G. Gardner 1976). The plants are generally aggressive, invading disturbed areas as weeds in pastures, cultivated fields, and roadsides. In Europe, it was harvested and burned to produce potash. Although croziers are eaten in many temperate cultures, bracken has been shown to contain thiaminase (and other compounds with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties).

Disagreement exists among taxonomists regarding the rank that should be accorded to the taxa treated herein as varieties. In a survey of the genus, C. N. Page (1976) noted uniform chromosome numbers and flavonoid compositions of the varieties. D. B. Lellinger (1985) separated the genus into at least two species based on morphology, recognizing as species the subspecies of R. M. Tryon (1941). J. T. Mickel and J. M. Beitel (1988) reported sympatric occurrence in Mexico of three taxa that maintained consistent characteristics and only rarely produced plants with combined characteristics. They suggested that these three taxa should be considered as species that occasionally hybridize. P. J. Brownsey (1989) reported that two different brackens in Australia formed sterile hybrids and should be treated as species. Modern systematic studies are needed to evaluate the status and rank of the four North American varieties. As treated below, Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens , var. latiusculum , and var. pseudocaudatum are in subsp. aquilinum , and var. caudatum is in subsp. caudatum (Linnaeus) Bonaparte.