《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||牛蒡属 Arctium L. ||牛蒡 Arctium lappa L.

1.牛蒡 恶实 大力子
Arctium lappa L. , Sp. Pl. 816, 1753; Hook. f. , Fl. Brit. Ind. 3: 359, 1881; Forbes et Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 23: 460, 1888: Chen in Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 5: 78, 1934; Hand.-Mazz. , Symb. Sin. 7: 1145, 1936 et in Act. Hort. Gothob. 12: 310, 1936; , 东北植物检索表, 410, 1959; 江苏南部种子植物手册795, 1959; Juz. et al. in Fl. URSS 27: 97, 1962: S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 18 (1-2) : 118, 1965;中国高等植物图鉴4: 603,1975——Lappa vulgaris Hill. Veg. Svst. 4:28,1762——L. major Gaertn. , De Fruet. 2: 379, 1791: Ldb. , Fl. Ross. 2: 748, 1845-1846——Arctium rnajus Bernh. , Syst. Verz. Pfl. Erf. 154, 1800: Lilg in Contr. Inst. Bot. Nat. Acad. Peip. 3: 134, 1935——A. lappa L. subsp. magus Arene in Bull. Jard. Bruxelles 20: 75, 1950——A. leiospermum Juz. et al. in Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS 18: 299, 1957, syn. nov.
二年生草本，具粗大的肉质直根，长达15厘米，径可达2厘米，有分枝支根。茎直立，高达2米，粗壮，基部直径达2厘米，通常带紫红或淡紫红色，有多数高起的条棱，分枝斜 升，多数，全部茎枝被稀疏的乳突状短毛及长蛛丝毛并混杂以棕黄色的小腺点。基生叶宽 卵形，长达30厘米，宽达21厘米，边缘稀疏的浅波状凹齿或齿尖，基部心形，有长达32厘米的叶柄，两面异色，上面绿色，有稀疏的短糙毛及黄色小腺点，下面灰白色或淡绿色，被薄绒毛或绒毛稀疏，有黄色小腺点，叶柄灰白色，被稠密的蛛丝状绒毛及黄色小腺点，但中下部常脱毛。茎生叶与基生叶同形或近同形，具等样的及等量的毛被，接花序下部的叶 小，基部平截或浅心形。头状花序多数或少数在茎枝顶端排成疏松的伞房花序或圆锥状 伞房花序，花序梗粗壮。总苞卵形或卵球形，直径1.5-2厘米。总苞片多层，多数，外层三角状或披针状钻形，宽约1毫米，中内层披针状或线状钻形，宽1.5-3毫米；全部苞近等长，长约1.5厘米，顶端有软骨质钩刺。小花紫红色，花冠长1.4厘米，细管部长8毫米，簷部长6毫米，外面无腺点，花冠裂片长约2毫米。瘦果倒长卵形或偏斜倒长卵形，长5-7毫米，宽2-3毫米，两侧压扁，浅褐色，有多数细脉纹，有深褐色的色斑或无色斑。冠毛多层，浅褐色；冠毛刚毛糙毛状，不等长，长达3.8毫米，基部不连合成环，分散脱落。 花果期6-9月。
全国各地普遍分布。生于山坡、山谷、林缘、林中、灌木丛中、河边潮湿地、村庄路旁或荒地，海拔750-3500米。由于瘦果和根入药，各国各地亦有普遍栽培。果实入药，性味辛、苦寒，疏散风热，宜肺透疹、散结解毒；根入药，有清热解毒、疏风利咽之效。广布欧亚大陆。模式标本采自西欧。

《云南植物志》|| 菊科 Compositae ||牛蒡属 Arctium L. ||牛蒡 Arctium lappa L.

1. 牛蒡 (名医别录) 图版123：5-7
大力子、恶实、牛蒡子 (药名) ，鼠粘子 (楚雄) ，大葫芦根、象耳根、百角羊、大耳朵草 (贵州) ，然娃娃、牛爬叶 (秦岭南北坡) ，“蒺松” (藏名) ，万把钩 (江苏)
Arctium lappa L. (1753); Thunb. (1784); C. B. Clarke (1876); Hook. f. (1881); Forb. et Hemsl. (1888); Chen (1934); Hand.-Mazz. (1936), (1938); Orenes (1950)*; S. Y. Hu (1965); Kitam. (1967); 图鉴 (1975)*; Kitam. et Gould in Hara et al. (1982); 云南种子植物名录 (1984); 秦岭植物志 (1985)*; 中国植物志 (1987); 贵州植物志 (1989)*.
二年生草本，高50-200厘米。主根圆柱形，肉质，长达20厘米或更长，上部粗达2厘米，有侧根和纤维状细根。茎直立，基部粗达2厘米，常带紫红色，具多数斜升的分枝，茎和枝具纵棱，疏生乳突状短毛和蛛丝状长毛，并常有棕黄色小腺点。基生叶数枚，叶片宽卵状心形，长达30厘米，宽达25厘米，先端急尖或钝，基部心形，边缘浅波状，具细齿，表面绿色，疏被短糙毛和有棕黄色的小腺点，背面灰白色或灰绿色，疏被灰白色绒毛，常有棕黄色小腺点，侧脉4-6对，和中脉在两面凸起，网脉明显，叶柄长达30厘米，被灰白色蛛丝状长毛和乳突状短毛，常具腺点，有时脱毛，基部扩大成宽鞘；茎生叶与基生叶同形，但向上叶片渐小，基部浅心形至截形，叶柄渐短。头状花序多数或少数于茎、枝顶排成疏伞房状或总状伞房状花序；花序梗粗壮，长达12厘米，毛被同茎；总苞宽钟形或近球形，径2.5-3.5厘米；总苞片多层，外层狭披针形，中、内层线状披针形，全部总苞片淡绿色，长1.5-2厘米，上端钻状长渐尖，先端钩状内弯，弯钩棕褐色，背面无毛，具凸起的中脉。小花全部两性，结实，花冠紫红色或淡紫色，管状，长11-14毫米，冠檐筒状，先端5深裂，冠管细，长6-8毫米；花药和花柱伸出花冠外。瘦果长倒卵形，常偏斜，长5-7毫米，粗2-3毫米，压扁，绿色转淡褐色，无毛，有数条细棱，棱间常有皱波状突起，有时具深褐色的色斑；冠毛多层，不等长，浅褐色，糙毛状，长2-4毫米。花果期7-11月。
产于昆明、澄江、易门、蒙自、勐腊、勐海、保山、泸水、漾濞、大理、宾川、鹤庆、丽江、中甸、维西、德钦等；生于海拔1800-3200米的林下、林缘、灌丛中、山坡、溪边、路边或荒地，常有栽培。全国各地有分布。亚洲、欧洲和美洲很多地区也有。
果实入药，称大力子、恶实、牛蒡子，能除湿、解毒、散结；根入药，清热解毒、疏风利咽。种子富含油，可供制肥皂和润滑油。茎皮含纤维35%，可制纸。

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Arctium || Arctium lappa

1. Arctium lappa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 816. 1753.

Great burdock, grande bardane

Plants to 100–300 cm. Basal leaves: petioles solid, 15–36 cm, glabrous or thinly cobwebby; blades 25–80 × 20–70 cm, coarsely dentate to subentire, abaxially thinly gray-tomentose, adaxially green, sparsely short-hairy to nearly glabrous. Heads usually in corymbiform clusters, long-pedunculate. Peduncles 2.5–6 cm. Involucres 25–45 mm diam. Phyllaries linear to linear-lanceolate, glabrous to loosely cobwebby, inner usually stramineous (sometimes purplish), margins with minute spreading or reflexed hairs. Florets 40+; corollas purple (occasionally white), 9–14 mm, glabrous. Cypselae light brown, often with darker spots, 6–7.5 mm; pappus bristles 2–5 mm. 2n = 32 (Japan), 34 (China), 36 (Japan); (Sweden).

Flowering summer–early fall (Jul–Oct). Waste places, roadsides, fields, forest clearings; 0–2200 m; introduced; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Ont., Que., Sask.; Ala., Ariz., Calif., Colo., Conn., Ill., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., Nev., N.H., N.Y., N.Dak., Pa., R.I., Utah, Vt., Wash., Wis.; Eurasia.

BONAP lists Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Montana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, and Wyoming; I have not seen specimens.

Roots and young leaves of Arctium lappa are edible and can be used in a variety of food preparations. Extracts of Arctium species purportedly have health benefits and are sold as food supplements. This species is sometimes cultivated as a minor crop.

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Arctium ||牛蒡 Arctium lappa

1. Arctium lappa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 816. 1753.

牛蒡 niu bang

Arctium leiospermum Juzepczuk & Ye. V. Sergievskaja; A. majus Bernhardi, nom. illeg. superfl.; Lappa major Gaertner, nom. illeg. superfl.; L. vulgaris Hill.

Herbs to 2 m tall, biennial. Stem purplish, erect, stout, apically branched, sparsely cobwebby; branches ascending. Leaves abaxially grayish white or pale green and thinly felted, adaxially green, sparsely strigose, and yellow gland-dotted. Basal leaves with petiole ca. 32 cm; leaf blade broadly heart-shaped, ca. 30 × 21 cm, margin entire and repand to mucronulate denticulate. Cauline leaves similar to basal leaves or ovate; uppermost cauline leaves ovate to shallowly cordate, smaller. Capitula few to many, ± corymbose. Involucre ovoid, 1.5-2 cm in diam., glabrous except for minute glandular hairs. Phyllaries all with a hooked apex; outer phyllaries triangular to lanceolate-subulate, ca. 15 × 1 mm; middle and inner phyllaries lanceolate to linear-subulate, ca. 15 × 1.5-3 mm. Corolla purplish red, ca. 1.4 cm, tube ca. 8 mm. Achene pale brown variegated with dark brown or concolorous, narrowly sometimes obliquely obovoid, 5-7 mm, multistriate. Pappus bristles to 3.5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep. 2n = 18, 34, 36.

Near villages, roadsides, near rivers, wet and waste places, forest margins, thickets, valleys, slopes; 700-3500 m. Throughout China except for Hainan, Taiwan, and Xizang [Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan; SW Asia, Europe].

Arctium lappa is cultivated almost throughout China. The achenes and roots are used medicinally.