《中国植物志》|| 桑科 MORACEAE ||大麻属 Cannabis Linn. ||大麻 Cannabis sativa L.

大麻（本草经）山丝苗（救荒本草），线麻（东北）、胡麻、野麻（江苏）、火麻 （湖北、云南、四川、贵州）图版57：1-2
Cannabis sativa Linn. Sp. Pl. 1: 1027. 1753; DC. Prodr. 17: 31. 1873; Makino, Fl. Nippon 156. 1903; 中国高等植物图鉴1: 503, f. 1005. 1972; 云南植物志1: 159. 1977; Uriers. et Lung, Fl. Bhutan 1（1）: 139. 1983.
一年生直立草本，高1-3米，枝具纵沟槽，密生灰白色贴伏毛。叶掌状全裂，裂片 披针形或线状披针形，长7-15厘米，中裂片最长，宽0.5-2厘米，先端渐尖，基部狭 楔形，表面深绿，微被糙毛，背面幼时密被灰白色贴状毛后变无毛，边缘具向内弯的粗 锯齿，中脉及侧脉在表面微下陷，背面隆起；叶柄长3-15厘米，密被灰白色贴伏毛；托 叶线形。雄花序长达25厘米；花黄绿色，花被5，膜质，外面被细伏贴毛，雄蕊5，花 丝极短，花药长圆形；小花柄长约2-4毫米；雌花绿色；花被1，紧包子房，略被小毛； 子房近球形，外面包于苞片。瘦果为宿存黄褐色苞片所包，果皮坚脆，表面具细网纹。 花期5-6月，果期为7月。
原产锡金、不丹、印度和中亚细亚，现各国均有野生或栽培。我国各地也有栽培或 沦为野生。新疆常见野生。
早在二世纪时，东汉崔宴即指出大麻有雌雄株的区别。分别称雄株为“枲”或“牡 麻”；雌株为“怠”或“子麻”。
茎皮纤维长而坚韧，可用以织麻布或纺线，制绳索，编织渔网和造纸；种子榨油，含 油量30％，可供做油漆，涂料等，油渣可作饲料。果实中医称“火麻仁”或“大麻仁” 入药，性平，味甘，功能：润肠，主治大便燥结。花称“麻勃”，主治恶风，经闭，健忘 果壳和苞片称“麻蕡”，有毒，治劳伤，破积、散脓，多服令人发狂；叶含麻醉性树脂 可以配制麻醉剂。
有二亚种。ssp. sativa生产纤维和油，具较高而细长，稀疏分枝的茎和长而中空的 节间，如锡金、不丹至我国通常栽培的大麻（火麻）；ssp. indica (Lamarck) Small et Cron-quist，生产大量树脂，特别是在幼叶和花序中。其植株较小，多分枝而具短而实心的节 间。后者乃是生产“大麻烟”违禁品的植物，在大多数国家禁止栽培。

《云南植物志》|| 大麻科 Cannabidaceae nom. conserv. ||大麻属 Cannabis L. ||大麻 Cannabis sativa L.

1.大麻（本草经）图版38，1—2
山丝苗（救荒本草）、线麻（东北）、好麻、野大麻、山麻（山东）、野大麻（内蒙）、胡麻、野麻（江苏）、火麻、糖麻（湖北）、大火麻（安徽）、状元红（楚雄）、火麻（楚雄、镇雄、思茅、临沧）、黄麻、线麻（文山）
Cannabis sativa L. (1753).
一年生草本，茎粗壮直立，高1—3（4）厘米；枝有纵沟槽，密生灰白色细伏毛。叶裂片披针形至线状披针形，长7—15厘米，中裂片最长，宽0.5—2厘米，两端渐尖，上面深绿色，被微糙毛，背面密被灰白色细伏毛或稀近无毛，边缘具粗锯齿，齿端为内弯小尖突，中脉及侧脉在叶面微凹，在背面隆起，第三次脉及网脉在两面都几乎看不见；叶柄长3—15厘米，密被灰白细伏毛，上面具一细沟槽；托叶线形，长3—5毫米。雄花序长可达25厘米；雄花黄绿色，花被5，长圆形，膜质，边缘薄膜质，长3—5毫米，宽1—2毫米，外面被细伏毛；雄蕊5；花丝极短；花药长圆形，长2—4毫米；花柄细，长2—5毫米，略被毛；雌花绿色，花被1，薄膜质，紧包子房，两面略被细伏毛；子房球形；花外面包以叶状苞片，呈披针形或线形。瘦果长4—5毫米，径3—4毫米，与宿存的黄褐色苞片所包，果皮坚脆，外面具褐色细网纹。花期5—6月，果期7月。
为栽培纤维作物，我省各地均有，但中部以北地区栽培较多。
种子可生吃或炒熟吃，含油30.03%，种子油可制漆和制软皂、肥皂，经提炼后亦可食用，油粕可作肥料或家畜饲料。茎皮纤维属高级纤维，可单纺或混纺，也供编织及作绳索。种子入药，名麻仁、火麻仁、大麻仁、线麻子，有滋养润燥、镇咳镇痛的功效，治体虚及产后便秘。花名麻勃，云治恶风、经闭、健忘、金疮内漏，果壳及苞片名麻蕡，有毒，治劳伤，破积散脓，多服令人发狂。叶内含有麻醉性树脂，用以配制醉人的饮料，混入烟草中，叫“麻烟”，吸食后会令人发狂。

《Flora of North America》|| Cannabaceae || Cannabis || Cannabis sativa

1. Cannabis sativa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1027. 1753.

Hemp, marihuana (marijuana), pot, grass, maryjane; chanvre, cannabis

Staminate plants usually taller, less robust than pistillate plants. Stems 0.2-6 m. Leaves: petioles 2-7 cm. Leaflet blades mostly 3-9, linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-15 × 0.2-1.7 cm, margins coarsely serrate; surfaces abaxially whitish green with scattered, yellowish brown, resinous dots, strigose, adaxially darker green with large, stiff, bulbous-based conic hairs. Inflorescences numerous. Flowers unisexual, often transitional flowers and flowers of opposite sex developing later. Staminate flowers: pedicels 0.5-3 mm; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm, puberulent; stamens caducous after anthesis, somewhat shorter than sepals; filaments 0.5-1 mm. Pistillate flowers ± sessile, enclosed by glandular, beaked bracteole and subtended by bract; perianth appressed to and surrounding base of ovary. Achenes white or greenish, mottled with purple, ovoid, somewhat compressed, 2-5 mm, with ± persistent perianth that sometimes flakes off. 2 n = 20.

Flowering early summer-fall; staminate plants generally dying after anthesis, pistillate plants remaining dark green, persisting until frost. Well-manured, moist farmyards, and in open habitats, waste places (roadsides, railways, vacant lots), occasionally in fallow fields and open woods; 0-2000 m; introduced; principal naturalized range (see map) Ont., Que.; Ark., Conn., Del., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Nebr., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.; native to Asia.

Cannabis sativa has been reported as cultivated illegally and as apparently ruderal in all provinces and states except Alaska. It has been collected least frequently in Mississippi and Idaho. It seems to be best established in the prairies and plains of central North America.

Hemp is a short-day plant; flowering depends upon the latitude of origin. Races originating closer to the equator (and generally higher in psychointoxicant) require a longer induction period for flowering than races originating farther north.

The taxonomy of Cannabis sativa , a polymorphic species, has been debated in scientific and legal forums. The name C . sativa subsp. indica (Lamarck) E. Small & Cronquist has been applied to plants with a mean leaf content of the psychotomimetic (hallucinatory) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol of at least 0.3%; those with a lesser content fall under C . sativa subsp. sativa . When separate species are recognized, the name C . indica Lamarck has generally been applied to variants with high levels of the intoxicant chemical, whereas the name C . sativa Linnaeus, interpreted in a restricted sense, has generally been applied to plants selected for their yield of bast fibers in the stems. (The latter generally have taller, hollow stems with longer internodes and less branching than races selected for drug content.)

Superimposed on this dimension of variation is selection for nonabscising achenes in cultivation and abscising achenes in the wild (i.e., outside of cultivation). This is analagous to selection of nonshattering cereals from wild, shattering grasses. Achenes selected for cultivation tend to be longer than 3.8 mm and lack a basal constricted zone; by contrast, achenes selected for wild existence tend to be shorter than 3.8 mm and to have a basal constricted zone that seems to facilitate disarticulation and a mottled, persistent perianth apparently serving as camouflage.

Within Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa , the wild phase has been named C . sativa var. spontanea Vavilov (= C . ruderalis Janishevsky), in contrast to the domesticated C . sativa var. sativa . Within C . sativa subsp. indica , the wild phase (not to be expected in North America) has been designated C . sativa var. kafiristanica (Vavilov) E. Small & Cronquist, as distinct from the domesticated C . sativa var. indica . The chemical and morphologic distinctions by which Cannabis has been split into taxa are often not readily discernible, appear to be environmentally modifiable, and vary in a continuous fashion. For most purposes it will suffice to apply the name Cannabis sativa to all plants encountered in North America. *

The Iroquois used Cannabis sativa medicinally to convince patients that they had recovered. They also found it useful as a stimulant (D. E. Moerman 1986).

《Flora of China》|| Cannabaceae || Cannabis ||大麻 Cannabis sativa

1. Cannabis sativa Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1027. 1753.

大麻 da ma

Cannabis indica Lamarck; C. sativa var. indica (Lamarck) E. Small & Cronquist.

Plants 1-3 m tall. Branchlets densely white pubescent. Stipules linear. Leaves alternate; petiole 2-7 cm; leaf blade abaxially whitish green, strigose, and with scattered brownish resinous dots, adaxially dark green and with cystolith hairs; leaflets usually lanceolate to linear, (3-)7-15 × (0.2-)0.5-1.5(-2) cm with longest in middle, margin coarsely serrate, apex acuminate. Male inflorescences ca. 25 cm. Male flowers: yellowish green, nodding; pedicel 2-4 mm, thin; sepals ovate to lanceolate, 2.5-4 mm, membranous, with sparse prostrate hairs; petals absent; filament 0.5-1 mm; anthers oblong. Female inflorescences crowded in apical leaf axils among leaflike bracts and bracteoles. Female flowers: green, sessile; calyx sparsely pubescent; ovary globose, ± enclosed by appressed calyx, surrounded closely by bract and bracteoles. Persistent bracts yellow. Achene flattened ovoid, 2-5 mm; pericarp crustaceous, finely reticulate. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Jul.

Cultivated. throughout China, native or naturalized in Xinjiang [native or naturalized in Bhutan, India, and Sikkim; C Asia].

Cannabis sativa is probably originally native to Central Asia, but its long cultivation makes it difficult to know its exact original distribution. This long cultivation and human selection for different desirable characteristics has resulted in considerable variation, but separation of it into either several species or the recognition of several varieties is probably not justified beyond the level of cultivated forms. Cannabis ruderalis Janischewsky, from Russia, is considered by some to be a distinct species from C. sativa.

The long, strong fibers are used in the paper-making industry and for weaving cloth, the seeds are a source of oil, the leaves, flowers, and fruit are used medicinally, and the female inflorescences (particularly the glandular leafy bracts and bracteoles) are used as a drug.