《中国植物志》|| 菊科 COMPOSITAE ||刺儿菜组 Sect. Cephalonoplos (Neck.) DC. ||丝路蓟 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.

49.丝路蓟（植物分类学报）
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Fl. Carn. ed. 2. 2: 126, 1772; DC., Prodr. 6: 643: 1837; Ldb., Fl. Ross. 2: 734, 1845——1846, p. p. ; Charadze in Fl. URSS 28:213,1963; S. Y. Hu in Quart. Journ. Taiwan Mus. 19 (1-2): 51, 1966, p. p.; Werner in Fl. Europ. 4: 242, 1976, p. p.; 石铸, 植物分类学报22(6): 453, 1984——Serratula arvensis L., Sp. Pl. 820, 1753: Willd., Sp. Pl. 3 (3): 1646, 1803——Carduus arvensis Robins., Brit. Fl. 163, 1777——Serratula spinosa Gilib., Fl. Lithuan. 3: 184, 1781 ——Cnicus arvensis O. Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 130, 1804——Breea arvensis Less., Syn. Comp. 9, 1832; Kitam., Fl. Afghan. 393, 1960——Cephalonoplos arvense (L.) Fourr. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon 17: 95, 1869; 梁松筠, 西藏植物志4: 860, 1985——Cirsium ochrolepidcum Juz in Сорн. Раст. СССР, 4: 278, 1935; Charadze in Fl. URSS 28: 212, 1963.
多年生草本，根直伸。茎直立，50-160厘米，上部分枝，接头状花序下部有稀疏蛛丝毛。下部茎叶椭圆形或椭圆状披针形，长7-17厘米，宽1.5-4.5厘米，羽状浅裂或半裂，基部渐狭，多少有短叶柄，或沿茎稍下延，但决不形成明显的茎翼。侧裂片偏斜三角形或偏斜半椭圆形，边缘通常有2-3个刺齿，齿顶有针刺，针刺长达5毫米，齿缘针刺较短；中部及上部茎叶渐小，与下部茎叶同形或长椭圆形并等样分裂，无柄至基部扩大半抱茎。全部叶两面同色，绿色或下面色淡，两面无毛或有时下面有极稀疏的蛛丝毛。头状花序较多数在茎枝顶端排成圆锥状伞房花序。总苞卵形或卵状长圆形，直径1.5-2厘米，有极稀疏的蛛丝毛，但通常无毛。总苞片约5层，覆瓦状排列，向内层渐长，外层及中层卵形，宽2-2.5毫米，包括顶端针刺长5-7毫米；内层及最内层椭圆状披针形、长披针形至宽线形，长0.9-1.4厘米，宽1-1.5毫米，外层顶端有反折或开展的短针刺，针刺长近1毫米，中内层顶端膜质渐尖或急尖，不形成明显的针刺。小花紫红色，雌性小花花冠长1.7厘米，细管部为细丝状，长1.3厘米，檐部长4毫米；两性小花花冠长1.8厘米，细管部为细丝状，长1.2厘米，檐部长6毫米。全部小花檐部5裂几达基部。瘦果淡黄色，几圆柱形，顶端截形，但 稍见偏斜。冠毛污白色，多层，基部连合成环，整体脱落；冠毛刚毛长羽毛状，长达2.8厘米。花果期6-9月。
分布新疆天山及准噶尔盆地（伊宁、特克斯、吐鲁番、玛纳斯、下野地、石河子等）、甘肃（白银、敦煌）、西藏（日土）。生于沟边水湿地、田间或湖滨地区，海拔700-4250米。欧洲、苏联中亚、阿富汗、印度都有分布。模式标本采自西欧。

《Flora of North America》|| Asteraceae || Cirsium || Cirsium arvense

2. Cirsium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli, Fl. Carniol. ed. 2. 2: 126. 1772.

Canada or creeping or field thistle, chardon du Canada ou des champs, cirse des champs

Serratula arvensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 820. 1753; Breea arvensis (Linnaeus) Lessing; Carduus arvensis (Linnaeus) Robson; Cirsium arvense var. argenteum (Peyer ex Vest) Fiori; C. arvense var. horridum Wimmer & Grabowski; C. arvense var. integrifolium Wimmer & Grabowski; C. arvense var. mite Wimmer & Grabowski; C. arvense var. vestitum Wimmer & Grabowski; C. incanum (S. G. Gmelin) Fischer ex M. Bieberstein; C. setosum (Willdenow) Besser ex M. Bieberstein

Perennials, dioecious or nearly so, 30–120(–200) cm; colonial from deep-seated creeping roots producing adventitious buds. Stems 1–many, erect, glabrous to appressed gray-tomentose; branches 0–many, ascending. Leaves: blades oblong to elliptic, 3–30 × 1–6 cm, margins plane to revolute, entire and spinulose, dentate, or shallowly to deeply pinnatifid, lobes well separated, lance-oblong to triangular-ovate, spinulose to few-toothed or few-lobed near base, main spines 1–7 mm, abaxial faces glabrous to densely gray-tomentose, adaxial green, glabrous to thinly tomentose; basal absent at flowering, petioles narrowly winged, bases tapered; principal larger cauline proximally winged-petiolate, distally sessile, well distributed, gradually reduced, not decurrent; distal cauline becoming bractlike, entire, toothed, or lobed, spinulose or not. Heads 1–many, borne singly or in corymbiform or paniculiform arrays at tips of main stem and branches. Peduncles 0.2–7 cm. Involucres ovoid in flower, ± campanulate in fruit, 1–2 × 1–2 cm, arachnoid tomentose, ± glabrate. Phyllaries in 6–8 series, strongly imbricate, (usually purple-tinged), ovate (outer) to linear (inner), abaxial faces with narrow glutinous ridge, outer and middle appressed, entire, apices ascending to spreading, spines 0–1 mm (fine); apices of inner phyllaries flat, ± flexuous, margins entire to minutely erose or ciliolate. Corollas purple (white or pink); staminate 12–18 mm, (remaining longer than pappus when head is fully mature), tubes 8–11 mm, throats 1–1.5 mm, lobes 3–5 mm; pistillate 14–20 mm, (overtopped by pappi in fruit), tubes 10–15 mm, throats ca. 1 mm, lobes 2–3 mm; style tips 1–2 mm. Cypselae brown, 2–4 mm, apical collar not differentiated; pappi 13–32 mm, exceeding corollas. 2n = 34.

Flowering summer (Jun–Oct). Disturbed sites, fields, pastures, roadsides, forest openings; 0–2600 m; introduced; Greenland; St. Pierre and Miquelon; Alta., B.C., Man., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.W.T., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask., Yukon; Ala., Alaska, Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., D.C., Idaho, Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Maine, Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nebr., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.Mex., N.Y., N.C., N.Dak., Ohio, Oreg., Pa., R.I., S.Dak., Tenn., Tex., Utah, Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., Wyo.; native, Eurasia.

Cirsium arvense is one of the most economically important agricultural weeds in the world. It was introduced to North America in the 1600s and soon was recognized as a problem weed. Weed control legislation against the species was passed by the Vermont legislature in 1795 (R. J. Moore 1975). Canada thistle is now listed as a noxious weed in most areas where it occurs. It has very high seed production, and the runner roots readily survive the fragmentation that accompanies cultivation.

Numerous variants of Cirsium arvense have been named based upon such features as pubescence, extent of leaf division, and spininess. Although extreme variants can be strikingly different, they are connected by such a web of intermediates that there seems to be little value in according any of them formal taxonomic recognition.

SELECTED REFERENCE

Moore, R. J. 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canad. J. Bot. 55: 1033–1048.

《Flora of China》|| Asteraceae || Cirsium ||丝路蓟 Cirsium arvense

45. Cirsium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli, Fl. Carniol., ed. 2. 2: 126. 1772.

丝路蓟 si lu ji

Herbs 30-160 cm tall, perennial, dioecious. Roots far creeping, bearing adventitious shoots. Stems erect, branched above, unwinged. Leaf surface smooth. Capitula often numerous, terminal, corymbose. Involucre ± narrowly ovoid, 1.5-2 cm in diam. Phyllaries imbricate, in 5-7 rows, lacking wings and scarious appendage; outer and middle phyllaries triangular to ovate, 3-8 × 1.2-2.5 mm, apex acute; inner phyllaries elliptic-lanceolate to broadly linear, 9-20 × 1-3 mm, apex acute to acuminate and scarious. Corolla reddish purple or rarely white; female florets 1.6-2.4 cm, tube 1.3-1.8 cm; male florets 1.5-1.8 cm, tube 0.9-1.2 cm. Achene yellowish, 3-4.5 mm. Pappus bristles dirty white, 2.5-3.5 cm.

Moist places, ditches, farmlands, lakesides, grasslands, mountain slopes, roadsides, near villages, by rivers, wet or flooded lands; 100-4300 m. Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang, Zhejiang [Afghanistan, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia; SW Asia, Europe].

Cirsium arvense is one of the world’s most noxious weeds of cultivated land. Its strong potential for vegetative multiplication from long trailing roots or root fragments results in morphologically uniform clonal stands, which at times have led to the recognition of some of the variants as distinct species.